{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2898938461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111713","title":"Land Cover Mapping with Higher Order Graph-Based Co-Occurrence Model","display_name":"Land Cover Mapping with Higher Order Graph-Based Co-Occurrence Model","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2898938461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111713","mag":"2898938461"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10111713","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111713","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/11/1713/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/11/1713/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091906696","display_name":"Wenzhi Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3125-2310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenzhi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078388655","display_name":"William J. Emery","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-9082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William J. Emery","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-9082","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013507207","display_name":"Yanchen Bo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5136-9364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanchen Bo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5136-9364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046611354","display_name":"Jiage Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4988-3484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiage Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4988-3484","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013507207","https://openalex.org/A5046611354"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941","https://openalex.org/I4210166112"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.2259,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.840007,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"11","first_page":"1713","last_page":"1713"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8093048334121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6155397891998291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5624874830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.556267499923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5526151657104492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.5365325212478638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.5342720150947571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5101780891418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5056416988372803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4455749988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.13894805312156677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.09401124715805054}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8093048334121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6155397891998291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5624874830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.556267499923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5526151657104492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.5365325212478638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.5342720150947571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5101780891418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5056416988372803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4455749988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.13894805312156677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.09401124715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10111713","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111713","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/11/1713/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c3b925582c0f40ac98222f8ae7ef5195","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c3b925582c0f40ac98222f8ae7ef5195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 11, p 1713 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10111713","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111713","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/11/1713/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7531755828","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB0501502","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8797130980","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018NTST01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2898938461.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2898938461.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1984792953","https://openalex.org/W2000803298","https://openalex.org/W2003022533","https://openalex.org/W2034644270","https://openalex.org/W2062964394","https://openalex.org/W2081155276","https://openalex.org/W2094455438","https://openalex.org/W2103079830","https://openalex.org/W2116877738","https://openalex.org/W2117438495","https://openalex.org/W2127199143","https://openalex.org/W2152440692","https://openalex.org/W2159070926","https://openalex.org/W2179290474","https://openalex.org/W2249336288","https://openalex.org/W2267317359","https://openalex.org/W2314785379","https://openalex.org/W2469277230","https://openalex.org/W2538244214","https://openalex.org/W2551397753","https://openalex.org/W2607353926","https://openalex.org/W2616755213","https://openalex.org/W2750722971"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2356597680","https://openalex.org/W2114846443","https://openalex.org/W3102147106","https://openalex.org/W2093471820","https://openalex.org/W2347460059","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1,23,59],"has":[2],"become":[3],"a":[4,90,134],"standard":[5],"processing":[6],"procedure":[7],"in":[8,37,93,161],"land":[9],"cover":[10],"mapping":[11],"for":[12,85],"remote":[13],"sensing":[14],"images.":[15],"Instead":[16],"of":[17,56,103,116,163],"relying":[18],"on":[19,63,113],"hand-crafted":[20],"features,":[21],"deep":[22,58,117],"algorithms,":[24],"such":[25],"as":[26],"Convolutional":[27],"Neural":[28],"Networks":[29],"(CNN)":[30],"can":[31],"automatically":[32],"generate":[33],"effective":[34],"feature":[35],"representations,":[36],"order":[38,94],"to":[39,95,148],"recognize":[40],"objects":[41],"with":[42,133],"complex":[43],"image":[44,65],"patterns.":[45],"However,":[46],"the":[47,57,69,82,97,104,114,121,129,140,149,155],"rich":[48],"spatial":[49],"information":[50,71,79,99],"still":[51],"remains":[52],"unexploited,":[53],"since":[54],"most":[55],"algorithms":[60],"only":[61],"focus":[62],"small":[64],"patches":[66],"that":[67],"overlook":[68],"contextual":[70,78,98],"at":[72],"larger":[73],"scales.":[74],"To":[75],"utilize":[76],"these":[77],"and":[80,119,151],"improve":[81,128],"classification":[83,123,131,164],"performance":[84,160],"high-resolution":[86],"imagery,":[87],"we":[88,107,126],"propose":[89],"graph-based":[91],"model":[92,137,157],"capture":[96],"over":[100],"semantic":[101,109],"segments":[102,110],"image.":[105],"First,":[106],"explore":[108],"which":[111],"build":[112],"top":[115],"features":[118],"obtain":[120],"initial":[122,130],"result.":[124],"Then,":[125],"further":[127],"results":[132],"higher-order":[135],"co-occurrence":[136],"by":[138],"extending":[139],"existing":[141],"conditional":[142],"random":[143],"field":[144],"(HCO-CRF)":[145],"algorithm.":[146],"Compared":[147],"pixel-":[150],"object-based":[152],"CNN":[153],"methods,":[154],"proposed":[156],"achieved":[158],"better":[159],"terms":[162],"accuracy.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}