{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2893681728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101524","title":"Using Satellite Remote Sensing to Study the Impact of Climate and Anthropogenic Changes in the Mesopotamian Marshlands, Iraq","display_name":"Using Satellite Remote Sensing to Study the Impact of Climate and Anthropogenic Changes in the Mesopotamian Marshlands, Iraq","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2893681728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101524","mag":"2893681728"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10101524","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101524","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/10/1524/pdf?version=1537614333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/10/1524/pdf?version=1537614333","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079605609","display_name":"Reyadh Albarakat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2208-9483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Reyadh Albarakat","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075390584","display_name":"V. Lakshmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-9004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Venkat Lakshmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079095933","display_name":"Compton J. Tucker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-112X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306266525","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Compton J. Tucker","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079605609"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.111,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91398509,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"10","first_page":"1524","last_page":"1524"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11755","display_name":"Transboundary Water Resource Management","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marsh","display_name":"Marsh","score":0.836127758026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6928869485855103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wetland","display_name":"Wetland","score":0.6432609558105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.5855291485786438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalized-difference-vegetation-index","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","score":0.5779918432235718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.49913716316223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.489805668592453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evapotranspiration","display_name":"Evapotranspiration","score":0.478414386510849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-very-high-resolution-radiometer","display_name":"Advanced very-high-resolution radiometer","score":0.4692293107509613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"Precipitation","score":0.41076046228408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.33498066663742065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.3311408758163452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2946811616420746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.1380850076675415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.09670418500900269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.09401032328605652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.08531069755554199}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67268981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30198","display_name":"Marsh","level":3,"score":0.836127758026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6928869485855103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67715294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321","display_name":"Wetland","level":2,"score":0.6432609558105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.5855291485786438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1549246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718775","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","level":3,"score":0.5779918432235718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.49913716316223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.489805668592453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176783924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828158","display_name":"Evapotranspiration","level":2,"score":0.478414386510849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777480484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q300146","display_name":"Advanced very-high-resolution radiometer","level":3,"score":0.4692293107509613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.41076046228408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.33498066663742065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.3311408758163452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2946811616420746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.1380850076675415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.09670418500900269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.09401032328605652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.08531069755554199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10101524","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101524","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/10/1524/pdf?version=1537614333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarcommons.sc.edu:geol_facpub-1097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/geol_facpub/111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401386","display_name":"Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","host_organization_name":"University of South Carolina","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:71b5e122f85b48b69c0ca64e7553ef47","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/71b5e122f85b48b69c0ca64e7553ef47","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 10, p 1524 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/10/10/1524/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10101524","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 10; Issue 10; Pages: 1524","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10101524","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101524","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/10/1524/pdf?version=1537614333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332377","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2893681728.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2893681728.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58916308","https://openalex.org/W284201036","https://openalex.org/W1520350132","https://openalex.org/W1610015390","https://openalex.org/W1974047452","https://openalex.org/W1975165713","https://openalex.org/W1991977938","https://openalex.org/W2000975398","https://openalex.org/W2002502547","https://openalex.org/W2004042704","https://openalex.org/W2016850795","https://openalex.org/W2023039192","https://openalex.org/W2030688147","https://openalex.org/W2038351561","https://openalex.org/W2039342439","https://openalex.org/W2047098008","https://openalex.org/W2049294728","https://openalex.org/W2052357981","https://openalex.org/W2059925572","https://openalex.org/W2063623478","https://openalex.org/W2073060174","https://openalex.org/W2084774844","https://openalex.org/W2088572913","https://openalex.org/W2089377323","https://openalex.org/W2092722122","https://openalex.org/W2095938217","https://openalex.org/W2101490765","https://openalex.org/W2114527611","https://openalex.org/W2117059495","https://openalex.org/W2119132330","https://openalex.org/W2119292590","https://openalex.org/W2129219197","https://openalex.org/W2142140549","https://openalex.org/W2142785799","https://openalex.org/W2145569952","https://openalex.org/W2171157338","https://openalex.org/W2188101642","https://openalex.org/W2480959659","https://openalex.org/W2587653588","https://openalex.org/W2623681323","https://openalex.org/W2792062799","https://openalex.org/W2907875888","https://openalex.org/W4234581171","https://openalex.org/W6606380269","https://openalex.org/W6631293126","https://openalex.org/W6662811267","https://openalex.org/W6674254943","https://openalex.org/W6681328299","https://openalex.org/W6733599500"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2406222492","https://openalex.org/W2977665201","https://openalex.org/W2081025579","https://openalex.org/W1560398682","https://openalex.org/W2109880334","https://openalex.org/W2564727500","https://openalex.org/W2125091751","https://openalex.org/W2084320955","https://openalex.org/W2909519857","https://openalex.org/W2531882454"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,32,236,242,279,302],"Iraqi":[1,199],"Marshes":[2,200],"in":[3,14,73,221,250,256,263,281],"Southern":[4],"Iraq":[5,74],"are":[6,45,54],"considered":[7,153,202],"one":[8],"of":[9,37,50,134,181,191,228,305,319],"the":[10,15,20,64,68,77,87,102,129,171,179,189,198,208,214,222,229,306,316,320],"most":[11],"important":[12],"wetlands":[13],"world.":[16],"From":[17],"1982":[18],"to":[19,47,63,127,162,260,312,327],"present,":[21],"their":[22],"area":[23],"has":[24,232,258,294],"varied":[25],"between":[26,173],"10,500":[27],"km2":[28],"and":[29,42,44,59,70,75,123,131,147,159,165,183,187,194,201,226,239,244,252,292,315],"20,000":[30],"km2.":[31],"marshes":[33,53,65],"support":[34],"a":[35,117,248,296],"variety":[36],"plants,":[38],"such":[39,141],"as":[40,142],"reeds":[41],"papyrus,":[43],"home":[46],"many":[48],"species":[49],"birds.":[51],"These":[52],"Al-Hammar,":[55,235],"Central":[56,237],"or":[57],"Al-Amarah,":[58],"Al-Huwaiza.":[60],"Freshwater":[61],"supplies":[62,283],"come":[66],"from":[67,76,80,101,309,324],"Tigris":[69,307],"Euphrates":[71,321],"rivers":[72],"Karkha":[78],"River":[79,322],"Iran.":[81],"For":[82],"this":[83],"analysis,":[84,151],"we":[85,152,169],"used":[86],"Land":[88],"Long-Term":[89],"Data":[90],"Record":[91],"Version":[92],"5":[93],"(LTDR":[94],"V5)":[95],"Normalized":[96],"Difference":[97],"Vegetation":[98],"Index":[99],"(NDVI)":[100],"Advanced":[103],"Very":[104],"High":[105],"Resolution":[106],"Radiometer":[107],"(AVHRR)":[108],"sensor":[109],"dataset.":[110],"This":[111],"dataset":[112],"was":[113],"recently":[114],"released":[115],"at":[116],"0.05":[118],"\u00d7":[119],"0.05\u00b0":[120],"spatial":[121,130],"resolution":[122,126],"daily":[124],"temporal":[125,132],"monitor":[128],"variability":[133],"vegetation":[135,182,253],"along":[136,206],"with":[137,207],"other":[138],"hydrological":[139],"variables":[140,177],"land":[143],"surface":[144],"temperature,":[145],"precipitation,":[146],"evapotranspiration.":[148],"In":[149],"our":[150],"three":[154],"time":[155],"periods:":[156],"1982\u20131992;":[157],"1993\u20132003;":[158],"2004\u20132017":[160],"due":[161],"anthropogenic":[163,195],"activities":[164,196],"climate":[166,192],"changes.":[167],"Furthermore,":[168],"examined":[170],"relationships":[172],"various":[174],"water":[175,184,251,282,300],"cycle":[176],"through":[178],"investigation":[180],"coverage":[185],"changes,":[186],"studied":[188],"impacts":[190],"change":[193],"on":[197,299],"additional":[203],"ground":[204],"observations":[205],"satellite":[209],"datasets.":[210],"Statistical":[211],"analyses":[212,268],"over":[213],"last":[215],"36":[216],"years":[217],"show":[218,269],"significant":[219],"deterioration":[220],"vegetation:":[223],"68.78%,":[224],"98.73,":[225],"83.71%":[227],"green":[230],"biomass":[231],"declined":[233,308,323],"for":[234],"marshes,":[238],"Al-Huwaiza,":[240],"respectively.":[241],"AVHRR":[243],"Landsat":[245],"images":[246],"illustrate":[247],"decrease":[249],"coverage,":[254],"which":[255],"turn":[257],"led":[259],"an":[261],"increase":[262],"barren":[264],"lands.":[265],"Unfortunately,":[266],"statistical":[267],"that":[270],"marshland":[271],"degradation":[272],"is":[273],"mainly":[274],"induced":[275],"by":[276,285],"human":[277],"actions.":[278],"shrinkage":[280],"taken":[284],"Iraq\u2019s":[286],"local":[287],"neighbors":[288],"(i.e.,":[289],"Turkey,":[290],"Syria,":[291],"Iran)":[293],"had":[295],"sharp":[297],"impact":[298],"levels.":[301],"annual":[303,317],"discharge":[304,318],"~2500\u20133000":[310],"m3/s":[311,326],"~500":[313],"m3/s,":[314],"~1500":[325],"less":[328],"than":[329],"500":[330],"m3/s.":[331]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2018-10-05T00:00:00"}