{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2891609780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10091473","title":"Multi-Stream Convolutional Neural Network for SAR Automatic Target Recognition","display_name":"Multi-Stream Convolutional Neural Network for SAR Automatic Target Recognition","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-09-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2891609780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10091473","mag":"2891609780"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10091473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10091473","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/9/1473/pdf?version=1536923339","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/9/1473/pdf?version=1536923339","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100627238","display_name":"Pengfei Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0319-3667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Lab for Network-Based Cooperative ATM, Beijing 100191, China","Beijing Laboratory for General Aviation Technology, Beijing 100191, China","School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Lab for Network-Based Cooperative ATM, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory for General Aviation Technology, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101542636","display_name":"Kai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5927-4327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Lab for Network-Based Cooperative ATM, Beijing 100191, China","Beijing Laboratory for General Aviation Technology, Beijing 100191, China","School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Lab for Network-Based Cooperative ATM, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory for General Aviation Technology, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079383053","display_name":"Hao Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6000-6936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026486701","display_name":"Xiantong Zhen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5213-0462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiantong Zhen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Lab for Network-Based Cooperative ATM, Beijing 100191, China","Beijing Laboratory for General Aviation Technology, Beijing 100191, China","School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Lab for Network-Based Cooperative ATM, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory for General Aviation Technology, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026486701"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":19.5175,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":78,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99445599,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"9","first_page":"1473","last_page":"1473"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-target-recognition","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","score":0.8819142580032349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8494514226913452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7680560350418091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.7042819261550903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6678440570831299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5172148942947388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5097183585166931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.47976765036582947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.4152352809906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.35014164447784424}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.8819142580032349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8494514226913452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7680560350418091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.7042819261550903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6678440570831299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5172148942947388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5097183585166931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.47976765036582947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.4152352809906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.35014164447784424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10091473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10091473","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/9/1473/pdf?version=1536923339","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e8f4b7c62e684050a5f6b4cbfd92b167","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e8f4b7c62e684050a5f6b4cbfd92b167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 9, p 1473 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/10/9/1473/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10091473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 10; Issue 9; Pages: 1473","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10091473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10091473","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/9/1473/pdf?version=1536923339","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2891609780.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2891609780.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W322998299","https://openalex.org/W1571809481","https://openalex.org/W1644641054","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1925297696","https://openalex.org/W1966040997","https://openalex.org/W2015861736","https://openalex.org/W2016589492","https://openalex.org/W2038501427","https://openalex.org/W2038591350","https://openalex.org/W2065337811","https://openalex.org/W2079299474","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2124648367","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2148791593","https://openalex.org/W2149918662","https://openalex.org/W2158614875","https://openalex.org/W2160445017","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2253429366","https://openalex.org/W2292481059","https://openalex.org/W2356798126","https://openalex.org/W2410591237","https://openalex.org/W2521772843","https://openalex.org/W2563370810","https://openalex.org/W2621367454","https://openalex.org/W2771209933","https://openalex.org/W2773828237","https://openalex.org/W2962724911","https://openalex.org/W2963274778","https://openalex.org/W3147447086","https://openalex.org/W6619296312","https://openalex.org/W6654536944","https://openalex.org/W6676156600","https://openalex.org/W6684918892","https://openalex.org/W6696636527","https://openalex.org/W6706493343","https://openalex.org/W6729045783","https://openalex.org/W6743857607"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3137365474","https://openalex.org/W2886347302","https://openalex.org/W2784759481","https://openalex.org/W1545594509","https://openalex.org/W3130755980","https://openalex.org/W3038591045","https://openalex.org/W1988723959","https://openalex.org/W2053024573","https://openalex.org/W2773828237","https://openalex.org/W2521772843"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"the":[1,67,119,126,168,182,231,242],"fact":[2],"that":[3,112,249],"automatic":[4],"target":[5,121],"recognition":[6,145,256],"(ATR)":[7],"in":[8,23,39,97,122,190],"Synthetic":[9],"aperture":[10],"radar":[11],"(SAR)":[12],"images":[13,102,173],"has":[14],"been":[15,224],"extensively":[16],"researched":[17],"due":[18,70],"to":[19,55,65,71,134,143,166,199,207],"its":[20],"practical":[21],"use":[22,137],"both":[24,230],"military":[25],"and":[26,46,174,187,218,236,258],"civil":[27],"applications,":[28],"it":[29,133,196],"remains":[30],"an":[31],"unsolved":[32],"problem.":[33],"The":[34,216],"major":[35],"challenges":[36,69],"of":[37,49,78,118,130,138,185,221],"ATR":[38,96,193,262],"SAR":[40,50,98,101,140,192,206],"stem":[41],"from":[42,103,115,155,204],"severe":[43],"data":[44,142],"scarcity":[45],"great":[47],"variation":[48],"images.":[51],"Recent":[52],"work":[53],"started":[54],"adopt":[56],"convolutional":[57,88],"neural":[58],"networks":[59],"(CNNs),":[60],"which,":[61],"however,":[62],"remain":[63],"unable":[64],"handle":[66],"aforementioned":[68],"their":[72],"high":[73,255],"dependency":[74],"on":[75,159,241],"large":[76],"quantities":[77],"data.":[79],"In":[80],"this":[81],"paper,":[82],"we":[83,107],"propose":[84],"a":[85,109,149],"novel":[86],"deep":[87],"learning":[89],"architecture,":[90],"called":[91],"Multi-Stream":[92],"CNN":[93],"(MS-CNN),":[94],"for":[95,212],"by":[99,226],"leveraging":[100],"multiple":[104,116],"views.":[105],"Specifically,":[106],"deploy":[108],"multi-input":[110],"architecture":[111],"fuses":[113],"information":[114,203],"views":[117],"same":[120],"different":[123],"aspects;":[124],"therefore,":[125],"elaborated":[127],"multi-view":[128],"design":[129,148],"MS-CNN":[131,178,222,252],"enables":[132],"make":[135],"full":[136],"limited":[139],"image":[141],"improve":[144],"performance.":[146],"We":[147],"Fourier":[150,161],"feature":[151],"fusion":[152],"framework":[153],"derived":[154],"kernel":[156],"approximation":[157],"based":[158],"random":[160],"features":[162],"which":[163],"allows":[164],"us":[165],"unravel":[167],"highly":[169],"nonlinear":[170],"relationship":[171],"between":[172],"classes.":[175],"More":[176],"importantly,":[177],"is":[179],"qualified":[180],"with":[181],"desired":[183],"characteristic":[184],"easy":[186],"quick":[188],"manoeuvrability":[189],"real":[191],"scenarios,":[194],"because":[195],"only":[197],"needs":[198],"acquire":[200],"real-time":[201],"GPS":[202],"airborne":[205],"calculate":[208],"aspect":[209],"differences":[210],"used":[211],"constructing":[213],"testing":[214],"samples.":[215],"effectiveness":[217],"generalization":[219],"ability":[220],"have":[223,247],"demonstrated":[225],"extensive":[227],"experiments":[228],"under":[229],"Standard":[232],"Operating":[233,238],"Condition":[234,239],"(SOC)":[235],"Extended":[237],"(EOC)":[240],"MSTAR":[243],"dataset.":[244],"Experimental":[245],"results":[246],"shown":[248],"our":[250],"proposed":[251],"can":[253],"achieve":[254],"rates":[257],"outperform":[259],"other":[260],"state-of-the-art":[261],"methods.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
