{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2886903425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081266","title":"Evaluating Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Images for Estimating Forest Canopy Fuels in a Ponderosa Pine Stand","display_name":"Evaluating Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Images for Estimating Forest Canopy Fuels in a Ponderosa Pine Stand","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2886903425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081266","mag":"2886903425"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10081266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081266","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/8/1266/pdf?version=1533974582","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/8/1266/pdf?version=1533974582","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031131924","display_name":"Patrick Shin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203172682","display_name":"Northern Arizona University","ror":"https://ror.org/0272j5188","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, 525 S Beaver St, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, 525 S Beaver St, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051635477","display_name":"Temuulen Tsagaan Sankey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6919-8428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203172682","display_name":"Northern Arizona University","ror":"https://ror.org/0272j5188","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Temuulen Sankey","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, 1295 S Knoles Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, 1295 S Knoles Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006792340","display_name":"Margaret M. Moore","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203172682","display_name":"Northern Arizona University","ror":"https://ror.org/0272j5188","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margaret M. Moore","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 E Pine Knoll Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 E Pine Knoll Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001630086","display_name":"Andrea E. Thode","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203172682","display_name":"Northern Arizona University","ror":"https://ror.org/0272j5188","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea E. Thode","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 E Pine Knoll Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 E Pine Knoll Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051635477"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":6.6746,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":93,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97466895,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"8","first_page":"1266","last_page":"1266"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12713","display_name":"Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.8842328786849976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6915990710258484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.629858672618866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-canopy","display_name":"Tree canopy","score":0.5888267755508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5062977075576782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.4645886719226837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-photography","display_name":"Aerial photography","score":0.4537617564201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.38449883460998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19450432062149048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.18369728326797485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10369563102722168}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.8842328786849976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6915990710258484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.629858672618866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39807119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134228","display_name":"Tree canopy","level":3,"score":0.5888267755508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5062977075576782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.4645886719226837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133214962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191839","display_name":"Aerial photography","level":2,"score":0.4537617564201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.38449883460998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19450432062149048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.18369728326797485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10369563102722168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10081266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081266","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/8/1266/pdf?version=1533974582","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4fb761fc7cb44b2caec48c8d3e2e877e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4fb761fc7cb44b2caec48c8d3e2e877e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 8, p 1266 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/10/8/1266/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10081266","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 10; Issue 8; Pages: 1266","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10081266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081266","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/8/1266/pdf?version=1533974582","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2886903425.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2886903425.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W598437","https://openalex.org/W51832451","https://openalex.org/W59277737","https://openalex.org/W123806028","https://openalex.org/W131359794","https://openalex.org/W331634901","https://openalex.org/W863587179","https://openalex.org/W1522525389","https://openalex.org/W1528309322","https://openalex.org/W1541902105","https://openalex.org/W1571411223","https://openalex.org/W1573417146","https://openalex.org/W1574564835","https://openalex.org/W1584308190","https://openalex.org/W1979329989","https://openalex.org/W1980761881","https://openalex.org/W1981527205","https://openalex.org/W1987267031","https://openalex.org/W1988713966","https://openalex.org/W2001618165","https://openalex.org/W2015875562","https://openalex.org/W2016072382","https://openalex.org/W2024447719","https://openalex.org/W2027181558","https://openalex.org/W2027254180","https://openalex.org/W2027781877","https://openalex.org/W2033481223","https://openalex.org/W2050830693","https://openalex.org/W2073781305","https://openalex.org/W2076712994","https://openalex.org/W2083273963","https://openalex.org/W2090960739","https://openalex.org/W2095177352","https://openalex.org/W2098692006","https://openalex.org/W2100749039","https://openalex.org/W2105058098","https://openalex.org/W2107564481","https://openalex.org/W2109022716","https://openalex.org/W2109996145","https://openalex.org/W2113508837","https://openalex.org/W2120232543","https://openalex.org/W2134420993","https://openalex.org/W2138126656","https://openalex.org/W2145243492","https://openalex.org/W2150587681","https://openalex.org/W2151549592","https://openalex.org/W2152590728","https://openalex.org/W2159739456","https://openalex.org/W2163227804","https://openalex.org/W2163324173","https://openalex.org/W2163926603","https://openalex.org/W2165148193","https://openalex.org/W2165977355","https://openalex.org/W2170611232","https://openalex.org/W2170789236","https://openalex.org/W2176135388","https://openalex.org/W2181310123","https://openalex.org/W2213215070","https://openalex.org/W2296685749","https://openalex.org/W2323739836","https://openalex.org/W2342305676","https://openalex.org/W2505109824","https://openalex.org/W2606100861","https://openalex.org/W2752278344","https://openalex.org/W2777096355","https://openalex.org/W2787518617","https://openalex.org/W3007932751","https://openalex.org/W6600030031","https://openalex.org/W6602408365","https://openalex.org/W6604969837","https://openalex.org/W6611437977","https://openalex.org/W6683396067","https://openalex.org/W6683810175","https://openalex.org/W6685920054"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045211767","https://openalex.org/W2056219210","https://openalex.org/W4386506415","https://openalex.org/W2383716249","https://openalex.org/W23916517","https://openalex.org/W2053112303","https://openalex.org/W1998329507","https://openalex.org/W3004500891","https://openalex.org/W3208027284","https://openalex.org/W2288753260"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Forests":[0],"in":[1,63,203],"the":[2,47,106],"Southwestern":[3],"United":[4],"States":[5],"are":[6,18,31],"becoming":[7],"increasingly":[8],"susceptible":[9],"to":[10,56,78,123,197,226],"large":[11],"wildfires.":[12],"As":[13],"a":[14,64,151,179],"result,":[15],"forest":[16,20,58,126],"managers":[17],"conducting":[19],"fuel":[21],"reduction":[22],"treatments":[23],"for":[24],"which":[25],"spatial":[26,39],"fuels":[27,60],"and":[28,41,61,72,89,102],"structure":[29,62],"information":[30,35],"necessary.":[32],"However,":[33],"this":[34,221],"currently":[36],"has":[37],"coarse":[38,215],"resolution":[40,216],"variable":[42],"accuracy.":[43],"This":[44],"study":[45,222],"tested":[46],"feasibility":[48],"of":[49,109,147,190,207,233],"using":[50],"unmanned":[51],"aerial":[52,103],"vehicle":[53],"(UAV)":[54],"imagery":[55,119],"estimate":[57,79,125],"canopy":[59,80,82,86,90,127,174,191,234],"southwestern":[65],"ponderosa":[66],"pine":[67],"stand.":[68],"UAV-based":[69],"multispectral":[70],"images":[71],"Structure-from-Motion":[73],"point":[74],"clouds":[75],"were":[76,94,160,194],"used":[77,122],"cover,":[81],"height,":[83,88],"tree":[84,157],"density,":[85],"base":[87,175],"bulk":[91,192],"density.":[92],"Estimates":[93,189],"validated":[95],"with":[96,150,163,214],"field":[97,164,198],"data":[98,225],"from":[99,105,220],"57":[100],"plots":[101],"photography":[104],"U.S.":[107],"Department":[108],"Agriculture":[110,112],"National":[111],"Imaging":[113],"Program.":[114],"Results":[115],"indicate":[116],"that":[117],"UAV":[118],"can":[120],"be":[121],"accurately":[124],"cover":[128],"(correlation":[129],"coefficient":[130],"(R2)":[131],"=":[132,139,167,170,183,186],"0.82,":[133],"root":[134],"mean":[135],"square":[136],"error":[137,154],"(RMSE)":[138],"8.9%).":[140],"Tree":[141],"density":[142,193],"estimates":[143,159,177,206,232],"correctly":[144],"detected":[145],"74%":[146],"field-mapped":[148],"trees":[149],"16%":[152],"commission":[153],"rate.":[155],"Individual":[156],"height":[158,176],"strongly":[161],"correlated":[162,196],"measurements":[165],"(R2":[166,182],"0.71,":[168],"RMSE":[169,185],"1.83":[171],"m),":[172],"whereas":[173],"had":[178],"weaker":[180],"correlation":[181],"0.34,":[184],"2.52":[187],"m).":[188],"not":[195],"measurements.":[199],"UAV-derived":[200],"inputs":[201],"resulted":[202],"drastically":[204],"different":[205],"potential":[208],"crown":[209],"fire":[210],"behavior":[211],"when":[212],"compared":[213],"LANDFIRE":[217],"data.":[218],"Methods":[219],"provide":[223],"additional":[224],"supplement,":[227],"or":[228],"potentially":[229],"substitute,":[230],"traditional":[231],"fuel.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-03-04T09:10:02.777135","created_date":"2018-08-22T00:00:00"}
