{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2886702754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081243","title":"Unsupervised Deep Feature Learning for Remote Sensing Image Retrieval","display_name":"Unsupervised Deep Feature Learning for Remote Sensing Image Retrieval","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2886702754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081243","mag":"2886702754"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10081243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081243","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/8/1243/pdf?version=1533810445","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/8/1243/pdf?version=1533810445","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059262797","display_name":"Xu Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1375-0778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xu Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Intelligent Perception and Computation, Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Intelligent Perception and Computation, Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Intelligent Perception and Computation, Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Intelligent Perception and Computation, Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049776440","display_name":"Xiangrong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0379-2042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangrong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Intelligent Perception and Computation, Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Intelligent Perception and Computation, Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Intelligent Perception and Computation, Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Intelligent Perception and Computation, Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100453033","display_name":"Fang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9752-9530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050630882","display_name":"Licheng Jiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Licheng Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Intelligent Perception and Computation, Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Intelligent Perception and Computation, Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Intelligent Perception and Computation, Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Intelligent Perception and Computation, Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059262797"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":6.0561,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":107,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97295319,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"8","first_page":"1243","last_page":"1243"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7787795066833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7710304260253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6783639788627625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6370367407798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-retrieval","display_name":"Image retrieval","score":0.578967809677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.5755768418312073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codebook","display_name":"Codebook","score":0.5681827664375305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.5427132248878479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5252675414085388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.48088958859443665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.4208880364894867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4204002022743225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3512035012245178}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7787795066833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7710304260253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6783639788627625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6370367407798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1667742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10927554","display_name":"Image retrieval","level":3,"score":0.578967809677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.5755768418312073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127759330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637416","display_name":"Codebook","level":2,"score":0.5681827664375305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.5427132248878479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5252675414085388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.48088958859443665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.4208880364894867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4204002022743225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3512035012245178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10081243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081243","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/8/1243/pdf?version=1533810445","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:01f65f3d52604e99babbc4013f05aa52","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/01f65f3d52604e99babbc4013f05aa52","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 8, p 1243 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/10/8/1243/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10081243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10081243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081243","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/8/1243/pdf?version=1533810445","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2886702754.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2886702754.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1548953334","https://openalex.org/W1555459384","https://openalex.org/W1560922506","https://openalex.org/W1969551623","https://openalex.org/W1980038761","https://openalex.org/W1989316905","https://openalex.org/W1990537115","https://openalex.org/W2012011657","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2050675978","https://openalex.org/W2091280333","https://openalex.org/W2097043713","https://openalex.org/W2098738957","https://openalex.org/W2098777834","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2109868644","https://openalex.org/W2111048828","https://openalex.org/W2111993661","https://openalex.org/W2113354691","https://openalex.org/W2118187752","https://openalex.org/W2118246710","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2130325614","https://openalex.org/W2131846894","https://openalex.org/W2136655611","https://openalex.org/W2149140633","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2157319256","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2221448138","https://openalex.org/W2248723555","https://openalex.org/W2249017129","https://openalex.org/W2283168383","https://openalex.org/W2294802479","https://openalex.org/W2344624618","https://openalex.org/W2347115704","https://openalex.org/W2470786530","https://openalex.org/W2497173630","https://openalex.org/W2515440612","https://openalex.org/W2566630808","https://openalex.org/W2567850185","https://openalex.org/W2590149631","https://openalex.org/W2592962403","https://openalex.org/W2612271937","https://openalex.org/W2620858446","https://openalex.org/W2736154721","https://openalex.org/W2737996023","https://openalex.org/W2747638294","https://openalex.org/W2758333383","https://openalex.org/W2763822693","https://openalex.org/W2963256013","https://openalex.org/W3099831940","https://openalex.org/W3103856189","https://openalex.org/W3105100264","https://openalex.org/W3105409087","https://openalex.org/W3106090851","https://openalex.org/W4300601563","https://openalex.org/W6636494156","https://openalex.org/W6785442287","https://openalex.org/W6966489097"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2293149949","https://openalex.org/W2026099691","https://openalex.org/W4284672201","https://openalex.org/W2377486419","https://openalex.org/W3208297503","https://openalex.org/W3119773509","https://openalex.org/W2889153461","https://openalex.org/W2964117661","https://openalex.org/W4388405611","https://openalex.org/W2619127353"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,101,133,145,161,215],"the":[2,27,58,61,65,73,80,103,107,112,116,122,130,135,139,148,152,156,163,166,171,180,183,190,194,197,208,216,238,243],"specific":[3],"characteristics":[4],"and":[5,22,40,97],"complicated":[6],"contents":[7,105],"of":[8,60,90,128,182],"remote":[9,13],"sensing":[10,14],"(RS)":[11],"images,":[12,196],"image":[15,94,113,117,228,246],"retrieval":[16,209],"(RSIR)":[17],"is":[18,70,159,235],"always":[19],"an":[20,50],"open":[21],"tough":[23],"research":[24],"topic":[25],"in":[26,35,115],"RS":[28,108,153,195,200,227,245],"community.":[29],"There":[30],"are":[31,176,202],"two":[32,91],"basic":[33],"blocks":[34],"RSIR,":[36],"including":[37,93],"feature":[38,52,67,82,98,132,234],"learning":[39,53,63,68,87,96],"similarity":[41,217],"matching.":[42],"In":[43,125],"this":[44],"paper,":[45],"we":[46,78,110,137,188],"focus":[47],"on":[48,224,254],"developing":[49],"effective":[51,236],"method":[54,69],"for":[55,151,237],"RSIR.":[56,255],"With":[57],"help":[59],"deep":[62,83,140,168],"technique,":[64],"proposed":[66],"designed":[71],"under":[72],"bag-of-words":[74],"(BOW)":[75],"paradigm.":[76],"Thus,":[77],"name":[79],"obtained":[81,167],"BOW":[84],"(DBOW).":[85],"The":[86,219],"process":[88],"consists":[89],"parts,":[92],"descriptor":[95,114,150],"construction.":[99],"First,":[100],"explore":[102],"complex":[104],"within":[106],"image,":[109],"extract":[111],"patch":[118],"level":[119],"rather":[120],"than":[121],"whole":[123],"image.":[124,154],"addition,":[126],"instead":[127],"using":[129,165,204],"handcrafted":[131],"describe":[134],"patches,":[136],"propose":[138],"convolutional":[141],"auto-encoder":[142],"(DCAE)":[143],"model":[144],"deeply":[146],"learn":[147],"discriminative":[149],"Second,":[155],"k-means":[157],"algorithm":[158],"selected":[160],"generate":[162],"codebook":[164],"descriptors.":[169],"Then,":[170,207],"final":[172],"histogrammic":[173],"DBOW":[174,191,233,249],"features":[175,192],"acquired":[177,213],"by":[178],"counting":[179],"frequency":[181],"single":[184],"code":[185],"word.":[186],"When":[187],"get":[189],"from":[193],"similarities":[198],"between":[199],"images":[201],"measured":[203],"L1-norm":[205],"distance.":[206],"results":[210,222],"can":[211,250],"be":[212],"according":[214],"order.":[218],"encouraging":[220],"experimental":[221],"counted":[223],"four":[225],"public":[226],"archives":[229],"demonstrate":[230],"that":[231],"our":[232,248],"RSIR":[239],"task.":[240],"Compared":[241],"with":[242],"existing":[244],"features,":[247],"achieve":[251],"improved":[252],"behavior":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
