{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2809092204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060973","title":"Land Cover Segmentation of Airborne LiDAR Data Using Stochastic Atrous Network","display_name":"Land Cover Segmentation of Airborne LiDAR Data Using Stochastic Atrous Network","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2809092204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060973","mag":"2809092204"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10060973","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060973","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/6/973/pdf?version=1529397202","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/6/973/pdf?version=1529397202","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064543670","display_name":"Hasan Asyari Arief","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8236-7046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54108979","display_name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1mvv97","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Asy\u2019ari Arief","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 \u00c5s, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 \u00c5s, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072100168","display_name":"Geir\u2010Harald Strand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7516-0282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143403","display_name":"Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04aah1z61","country_code":"NO","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143403"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54108979","display_name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1mvv97","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geir-Harald Strand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Survey and Statistics, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, 1431 \u00c5s, Norway","Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 \u00c5s, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Survey and Statistics, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, 1431 \u00c5s, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143403"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 \u00c5s, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011800251","display_name":"H\u00e5vard Tveite","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7818-7050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54108979","display_name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1mvv97","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H\u00e5vard Tveite","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 \u00c5s, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 \u00c5s, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011737941","display_name":"Ulf Geir Indahl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3236-463X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54108979","display_name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1mvv97","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulf Geir Indahl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 \u00c5s, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 \u00c5s, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064543670"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.0127,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84588946,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"6","first_page":"973","last_page":"973"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.7552832365036011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.725546658039093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6965089440345764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6843206882476807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.553722083568573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.550391674041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.5169919729232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.48987215757369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.47805526852607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-architecture","display_name":"Network architecture","score":0.4414757192134857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41350236535072327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4025542736053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3863760530948639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32303881645202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.26227903366088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.22196638584136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.17250359058380127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12895998358726501}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.7552832365036011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.725546658039093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6965089440345764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6843206882476807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.553722083568573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.550391674041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.5169919729232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.48987215757369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.47805526852607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.4414757192134857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41350236535072327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4025542736053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3863760530948639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32303881645202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.26227903366088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.22196638584136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.17250359058380127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12895998358726501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10060973","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060973","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/6/973/pdf?version=1529397202","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:brage.bibsys.no:11250/2580755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2580755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"22","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:brage.bibsys.no:11250/2581764","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2581764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"22","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1ce58f8a4da44762b6c42a7f48e95335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1ce58f8a4da44762b6c42a7f48e95335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 6, p 973 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/10/6/973/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10060973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10060973","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060973","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/6/973/pdf?version=1529397202","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2809092204.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2809092204.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104184427","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1745334888","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1963882359","https://openalex.org/W1967113280","https://openalex.org/W1977271893","https://openalex.org/W2001014393","https://openalex.org/W2011287807","https://openalex.org/W2015518299","https://openalex.org/W2029597490","https://openalex.org/W2037227137","https://openalex.org/W2037402385","https://openalex.org/W2065407071","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2146502635","https://openalex.org/W2161236525","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2331143823","https://openalex.org/W2469783505","https://openalex.org/W2528933123","https://openalex.org/W2538244214","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2560311620","https://openalex.org/W2587989515","https://openalex.org/W2591119809","https://openalex.org/W2592563856","https://openalex.org/W2596750703","https://openalex.org/W2609731728","https://openalex.org/W2804860796","https://openalex.org/W2963324806","https://openalex.org/W2963674086","https://openalex.org/W3210191819","https://openalex.org/W4239089150","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6681435938","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6734040804"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574414179","https://openalex.org/W4362597605","https://openalex.org/W3009056573","https://openalex.org/W2922073769","https://openalex.org/W4297676672","https://openalex.org/W4281702477","https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W2594043982","https://openalex.org/W3036493597"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Inspired":[0],"by":[1,63],"the":[2,12,41,49,80,84,109,115,122,152,158,193],"success":[3],"of":[4,15,34,51,71,83,189,206],"deep":[5,42,54,105,110,137,170],"learning":[6,43,55,106,123,171],"techniques":[7],"in":[8,187],"dense-label":[9],"prediction":[10],"and":[11,21,96,125,142,157,203],"increasing":[13],"availability":[14],"high":[16],"precision":[17],"airborne":[18],"light":[19],"detection":[20],"ranging":[22],"(LiDAR)":[23],"data,":[24],"we":[25,78,101,132,164],"present":[26],"a":[27,32,65,103,127,146,197,200],"research":[28],"process":[29],"that":[30,89,139,177],"compares":[31],"collection":[33],"well-proven":[35],"semantic":[36,66],"segmentation":[37,67],"architectures":[38,56],"based":[39],"on":[40],"approach.":[44,68],"Our":[45],"investigation":[46],"concludes":[47],"with":[48,114],"proposition":[50],"some":[52],"novel":[53,104],"for":[57,119,199,209],"generating":[58],"detailed":[59],"land":[60,161,211],"resource":[61],"maps":[62],"employing":[64],"The":[69],"contribution":[70],"our":[72,166,178],"work":[73],"is":[74],"threefold.":[75],"(1)":[76],"First,":[77],"implement":[79],"multiclass":[81],"version":[82],"intersection-over-union":[85,191],"(IoU)":[86],"loss":[87],"function":[88],"contributes":[90],"to":[91,168],"handling":[92],"highly":[93],"imbalanced":[94],"datasets":[95],"preventing":[97],"overfitting.":[98],"(2)":[99],"Thereafter,":[100],"propose":[102],"architecture":[107,113],"integrating":[108],"atrous":[111,194],"network":[112],"stochastic":[116],"depth":[117],"approach":[118],"speeding":[120],"up":[121],"process,":[124],"impose":[126],"regularization":[128],"effect.":[129],"(3)":[130],"Finally,":[131],"introduce":[133],"an":[134],"early":[135],"fusion":[136],"layer":[138],"combines":[140],"image-based":[141],"LiDAR-derived":[143],"features.":[144],"In":[145],"benchmark":[147],"study":[148],"carried":[149],"out":[150],"using":[151],"Follo":[153],"2014":[154],"LiDAR":[155,207],"data":[156,208],"NIBIO":[159],"AR5":[160],"resources":[162],"dataset,":[163],"compare":[165],"proposals":[167],"other":[169],"architectures.":[172],"A":[173],"quantitative":[174],"comparison":[175],"shows":[176],"best":[179],"proposal":[180],"provides":[181],"more":[182,201],"than":[183],"5%":[184],"relative":[185],"improvement":[186],"terms":[188],"mean":[190],"over":[192],"network,":[195],"providing":[196],"basis":[198],"frequent":[202],"improved":[204],"use":[205],"automatic":[210],"cover":[212],"segmentation.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}