{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2806810430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060879","title":"Mean Composite Fire Severity Metrics Computed with Google Earth Engine Offer Improved Accuracy and Expanded Mapping Potential","display_name":"Mean Composite Fire Severity Metrics Computed with Google Earth Engine Offer Improved Accuracy and Expanded Mapping Potential","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2806810430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060879","mag":"2806810430"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10060879","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060879","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/6/879/pdf?version=1636945619","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/6/879/pdf?version=1636945619","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026400677","display_name":"Sean A. Parks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2982-5255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1313416372","display_name":"US Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmjc935","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140135","display_name":"Rocky Mountain Research Station","ror":"https://ror.org/04347cr60","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I4210140135"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156316","display_name":"Rocky Mountain Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05f1fs902","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156316"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sean A. Parks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service, 790 E. Beckwith Ave., Missoula, MT 59801, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2982-5255","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service, 790 E. Beckwith Ave., Missoula, MT 59801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156316","https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I4210140135"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024395931","display_name":"Lisa M. Holsinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2491-3720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1313416372","display_name":"US Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmjc935","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140135","display_name":"Rocky Mountain Research Station","ror":"https://ror.org/04347cr60","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I4210140135"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156316","display_name":"Rocky Mountain Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05f1fs902","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156316"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa M. Holsinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service, 790 E. Beckwith Ave., Missoula, MT 59801, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service, 790 E. Beckwith Ave., Missoula, MT 59801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156316","https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I4210140135"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035392498","display_name":"Morgan Voss","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6750721","display_name":"University of Montana","ror":"https://ror.org/0078xmk34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6750721"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morgan A. Voss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6750721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055158421","display_name":"Rachel A. Loehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7680-1865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286329397","display_name":"United States Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachel A. Loehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alaska Science Center, US Geological Survey, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7680-1865","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alaska Science Center, US Geological Survey, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034919236","display_name":"Nathaniel Robinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8055-5270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6750721","display_name":"University of Montana","ror":"https://ror.org/0078xmk34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6750721"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathaniel P. Robinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation & Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8055-5270","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation & Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6750721"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026400677"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I4210140135","https://openalex.org/I4210156316"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":6.1035,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":175,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9724331,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"6","first_page":"879","last_page":"879"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compositing","display_name":"Compositing","score":0.557889997959137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.54848313331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.529133677482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4588582515716553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.41860756278038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3363659679889679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.20194950699806213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18015751242637634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.10410791635513306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129315195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1121886","display_name":"Compositing","level":3,"score":0.557889997959137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.54848313331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.529133677482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4588582515716553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.41860756278038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3363659679889679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.20194950699806213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18015751242637634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.10410791635513306}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10060879","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060879","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/6/879/pdf?version=1636945619","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9e032a6b20fd42f98821c021ca537b66","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9e032a6b20fd42f98821c021ca537b66","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 6, p 879 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/10/6/879/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10060879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 10; Issue 6; Pages: 879","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10060879","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060879","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/6/879/pdf?version=1636945619","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4846102166","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18-IA-11221639-035","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","funder_display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2806810430.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1443921968","https://openalex.org/W1545130138","https://openalex.org/W1831050183","https://openalex.org/W1966216634","https://openalex.org/W1967049547","https://openalex.org/W1977246553","https://openalex.org/W1979305736","https://openalex.org/W1988711805","https://openalex.org/W1988713966","https://openalex.org/W1998109457","https://openalex.org/W2004825267","https://openalex.org/W2013761118","https://openalex.org/W2022684993","https://openalex.org/W2047033130","https://openalex.org/W2065588012","https://openalex.org/W2067004073","https://openalex.org/W2098187055","https://openalex.org/W2100101522","https://openalex.org/W2107564481","https://openalex.org/W2113242619","https://openalex.org/W2115568725","https://openalex.org/W2116530360","https://openalex.org/W2129884243","https://openalex.org/W2138800506","https://openalex.org/W2144230836","https://openalex.org/W2144502478","https://openalex.org/W2159918826","https://openalex.org/W2287019727","https://openalex.org/W2294271061","https://openalex.org/W2494719605","https://openalex.org/W2514931086","https://openalex.org/W2602172281","https://openalex.org/W2604963456","https://openalex.org/W2605847660","https://openalex.org/W2662789948","https://openalex.org/W2725897987","https://openalex.org/W2737778496","https://openalex.org/W2749555407","https://openalex.org/W2762525069","https://openalex.org/W2770013130","https://openalex.org/W2777766352","https://openalex.org/W2789761939","https://openalex.org/W2790091849","https://openalex.org/W2792400295","https://openalex.org/W2801667818","https://openalex.org/W2918980119","https://openalex.org/W6628323955","https://openalex.org/W6631263138"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2605318953","https://openalex.org/W2098628853","https://openalex.org/W4242350840","https://openalex.org/W2363688420","https://openalex.org/W2488155886","https://openalex.org/W2052474806","https://openalex.org/W2294464347","https://openalex.org/W2164409281"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Landsat-based":[0,41,189],"fire":[1,15,42,122,129,160,168,173,190,219,262,284,288,319],"severity":[2,16,43,123,130,161,169,174,191,220,320],"datasets":[3,17,131,192,210,221],"are":[4,18,104,153,186,240,250],"an":[5],"invaluable":[6],"resource":[7],"for":[8,110,176,271,318],"monitoring":[9,321],"and":[10,23,65,102,106,138,149,156,198,236,258,269,293,322],"research":[11,323],"purposes.":[12],"These":[13,184],"gridded":[14],"generally":[19,222],"produced":[20,134,193,291],"with":[21,135],"pre-":[22,197],"post-fire":[24,151,199,238],"imagery":[25],"to":[26,38,118,141,158,188,228,265,295,311],"estimate":[27],"the":[28,46,58,66,107,120,142,166,180,204,217,245,272,325],"degree":[29],"of":[30,244,313],"fire-induced":[31],"ecological":[32],"change.":[33],"Here,":[34],"we":[35,275,299],"introduce":[36],"methods":[37,72],"produce":[39,119,159,266],"three":[40],"metrics":[44,170],"using":[45,171,194],"Google":[47],"Earth":[48],"Engine":[49],"(GEE)":[50],"platform:":[51],"The":[52],"delta":[53,60],"normalized":[54,61],"burn":[55,62,68],"ratio":[56,63,69],"(dNBR),":[57],"relativized":[59,67],"(RdNBR),":[64],"(RBR).":[70],"Our":[71],"do":[73],"not":[74],"rely":[75],"on":[76,309],"time-consuming":[77],"a":[78,85,97,259,282],"priori":[79],"scene":[80,152,239],"selection":[81],"but":[82],"instead":[83],"use":[84],"mean":[86,108],"compositing":[87],"approach":[88,126,144,206,279],"in":[89,145,179,207,231,247],"which":[90,146,201,232],"all":[91],"valid":[92],"pixels":[93],"(e.g.,":[94],"cloud-free)":[95],"over":[96,113],"pre-specified":[98],"date":[99],"range":[100],"(pre-":[101],"post-fire)":[103],"stacked":[105],"value":[109],"each":[111,114],"pixel":[112],"stack":[115],"is":[116],"used":[117,157],"resulting":[121],"datasets.":[124,162],"This":[125],"demonstrates":[127],"that":[128,216,281,301],"can":[132,305],"be":[133,290,307],"relative":[136],"ease":[137],"speed":[139],"compared":[140,187,227],"standard":[143,205],"one":[147,150,196,234,237],"pre-fire":[148,235],"judiciously":[154],"identified":[155],"We":[163,255],"also":[164],"validate":[165],"GEE-derived":[167,218],"field-based":[172],"plots":[175],"18":[177,273],"fires":[178,274],"western":[181],"United":[182],"States.":[183],"validations":[185,249],"only":[195,233],"scene,":[200],"has":[202],"been":[203],"producing":[208],"such":[209],"since":[211],"their":[212],"inception.":[213],"Results":[214],"indicate":[215],"show":[223],"improved":[224],"validation":[225],"statistics":[226],"parallel":[229],"versions":[230],"used,":[241],"though":[242],"some":[243,248],"improvements":[246],"more":[251],"or":[252],"less":[253],"negligible.":[254],"provide":[256],"code":[257],"sample":[260],"geospatial":[261,283],"history":[263,285],"layer":[264,286],"dNBR,":[267],"RdNBR,":[268],"RBR":[270],"evaluated.":[276],"Although":[277],"our":[278,297,302],"requires":[280],"(i.e.,":[287],"perimeters)":[289],"independently":[292],"prior":[294],"applying":[296],"methods,":[298],"suggest":[300],"GEE":[303],"methodology":[304],"reasonably":[306],"implemented":[308],"hundreds":[310],"thousands":[312],"fires,":[314],"thereby":[315],"increasing":[316],"opportunities":[317],"across":[324],"globe.":[326]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2018-06-13T00:00:00"}