{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2807315121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060858","title":"Night-Time Light Dynamics during the Iraqi Civil War","display_name":"Night-Time Light Dynamics during the Iraqi Civil War","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2807315121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060858","mag":"2807315121"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10060858","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060858","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/6/858/pdf?version=1528074495","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/6/858/pdf?version=1528074495","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100743011","display_name":"Xi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0788-5692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Centre of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China","State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Centre of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100417130","display_name":"Shanshan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0806-7918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanshan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030739630","display_name":"Michael Jendryke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7923-283X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Jendryke","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070369693","display_name":"Deren Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7277-6356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deren Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Centre of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China","State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Centre of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110366488","display_name":"Chuanqing Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuanqing Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Economics and Management School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economics and Management School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100743011"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.9461,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":83,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93594641,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"6","first_page":"858","last_page":"858"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3759315311908722}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3759315311908722}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10060858","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060858","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/6/858/pdf?version=1528074495","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:59066ec470ba4bf7b654c0d579046ffe","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/59066ec470ba4bf7b654c0d579046ffe","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 6, p 858 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/10/6/858/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10060858","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 10; Issue 6; Pages: 858","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10060858","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060858","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/6/858/pdf?version=1528074495","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2807315121.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2807315121.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494665070","https://openalex.org/W1597319152","https://openalex.org/W1835863657","https://openalex.org/W1977091958","https://openalex.org/W1977568612","https://openalex.org/W1981367780","https://openalex.org/W1983564473","https://openalex.org/W1992455895","https://openalex.org/W2012765497","https://openalex.org/W2016486334","https://openalex.org/W2017193277","https://openalex.org/W2018997109","https://openalex.org/W2025943354","https://openalex.org/W2028740844","https://openalex.org/W2034906331","https://openalex.org/W2036583706","https://openalex.org/W2036707446","https://openalex.org/W2052133049","https://openalex.org/W2056669964","https://openalex.org/W2060673993","https://openalex.org/W2062415757","https://openalex.org/W2086204545","https://openalex.org/W2088563154","https://openalex.org/W2090207950","https://openalex.org/W2093961399","https://openalex.org/W2146585403","https://openalex.org/W2150613512","https://openalex.org/W2164074733","https://openalex.org/W2164499020","https://openalex.org/W2171063743","https://openalex.org/W2182356418","https://openalex.org/W2254584107","https://openalex.org/W2266650287","https://openalex.org/W2462332352","https://openalex.org/W2509451117","https://openalex.org/W2564432643","https://openalex.org/W2589797206","https://openalex.org/W2594796036","https://openalex.org/W2596247042","https://openalex.org/W2600079623","https://openalex.org/W2618085769","https://openalex.org/W2735670413","https://openalex.org/W2740326421","https://openalex.org/W2791357706","https://openalex.org/W4234179517","https://openalex.org/W4240214704","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6657196232","https://openalex.org/W6685759994"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3007404728","https://openalex.org/W2374021052","https://openalex.org/W2110536732","https://openalex.org/W3117958761","https://openalex.org/W1984740135","https://openalex.org/W1984514811","https://openalex.org/W4280521631","https://openalex.org/W2094967319","https://openalex.org/W4206359692","https://openalex.org/W2800946623"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,124],"this":[1,228],"study,":[2],"we":[3,126],"analyzed":[4],"the":[5,12,35,39,65,78,85,112,116,122,130,134,145,170,174,182,194,223,247,256,264],"night-time":[6,51,102,131,158,177,195,218,248,267],"light":[7,52,82,113,132,159,178,196,219,249,268],"dynamics":[8,258],"in":[9,133,173,179,197,230,241,250,279],"Iraq":[10,69,251],"over":[11],"period":[13],"2012\u20132017":[14],"by":[15,33,185,201,212],"using":[16],"Visible":[17],"Infrared":[18],"Imaging":[19],"Radiometer":[20],"Suite":[21],"(VIIRS)":[22],"monthly":[23,266],"composites.":[24],"The":[25,176],"data":[26,273],"quality":[27],"of":[28,68,87,100,156,169,217,259],"VIIRS":[29,265],"images":[30,269],"was":[31,239],"improved":[32],"repairing":[34],"missing":[36],"data,":[37],"and":[38,50,59,70,91,98,108,148,154,163,206,261],"Night-time":[40],"Light":[41],"Ratio":[42],"Indices":[43],"(NLRIs),":[44],"derived":[45],"from":[46],"urban":[47],"extent":[48],"map":[49],"images,":[53],"were":[54],"calculated":[55],"for":[56,192,275],"different":[57],"provinces":[58,86,150],"cities.":[60],"We":[61],"found":[62,128],"that":[63,129,234,263,280],"when":[64],"Islamic":[66],"State":[67],"Syria":[71],"(ISIS)":[72],"attacked":[73],"or":[74],"occupied":[75],"a":[76,139,167,215],"region,":[77],"region":[79,183],"lost":[80],"its":[81],"rapidly,":[83],"with":[84,144],"Al-Anbar,":[88],"At-Ta\u2019min,":[89],"Ninawa,":[90],"Sala":[92],"Ad-din":[93],"losing":[94,151],"63%,":[95],"73%,":[96],"88%,":[97],"56%,":[99],"their":[101,157],"light,":[103],"respectively,":[104],"between":[105,160,203],"December":[106,109,161,164,204,207],"2013":[107,162,205],"2014.":[110],"Moreover,":[111],"returned":[114],"after":[115,142],"Iraqi":[117,186],"Security":[118],"Forces":[119],"(ISF)":[120],"recaptured":[121],"region.":[123,175],"addition,":[125],"also":[127],"Kurdish":[135],"Autonomous":[136],"Region":[137],"showed":[138],"steady":[140],"decline":[141],"2014,":[143],"Arbil,":[146],"Dihok,":[147],"As-Sulaymaniyah":[149],"47%,":[152],"18%,":[153],"31%":[155],"2016":[165],"as":[166,222,235],"result":[168],"economic":[171],"crisis":[172],"Southern":[180],"Iraq,":[181,260],"controlled":[184,211],"central":[187],"government,":[188],"has":[189],"grown":[190],"continuously;":[191],"example,":[193],"Al":[198],"Basrah":[199],"increased":[200],"75%":[202],"2017.":[208,231],"Regions":[209],"formerly":[210],"ISIS":[213],"experienced":[214],"return":[216],"during":[220],"2017":[221],"ISF":[224],"retook":[225],"almost":[226],"all":[227],"territory":[229],"This":[232],"indicates":[233],"reconstruction":[236],"began,":[237],"electricity":[238],"re-supplied":[240],"these":[242],"regions.":[243],"Our":[244],"analysis":[245],"shows":[246],"is":[252],"directly":[253],"linked":[254],"to":[255],"socioeconomic":[257],"demonstrates":[262],"are":[270],"an":[271],"effective":[272],"source":[274],"tracking":[276],"humanitarian":[277],"disasters":[278],"country.":[281]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}