{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2805415370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060842","title":"Classifying the Built-Up Structure of Urban Blocks with Probabilistic Graphical Models and TerraSAR-X Spotlight Imagery","display_name":"Classifying the Built-Up Structure of Urban Blocks with Probabilistic Graphical Models and TerraSAR-X Spotlight Imagery","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2805415370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060842","mag":"2805415370"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10060842","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060842","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/6/842/pdf?version=1527504093","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/6/842/pdf?version=1527504093","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021500732","display_name":"Tessio Novack","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2817-5972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tessio Novack","raw_affiliation_strings":["GIScience Research Group, Institute of Geography, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GIScience Research Group, Institute of Geography, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053008757","display_name":"Uwe Stilla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1184-0924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uwe Stilla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Photogrammetrie und Fernerkundung, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, 80333 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Photogrammetrie und Fernerkundung, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, 80333 M\u00fcnchen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021500732"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":1367,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1474},"fwci":0.4182,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67376452,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"6","first_page":"842","last_page":"842"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6369337439537048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.6191657185554504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.5714828372001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5688733458518982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5648918747901917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphical-model","display_name":"Graphical model","score":0.5580913424491882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.5295839309692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.4848983883857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48349812626838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4431344270706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.4320453703403473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.41180670261383057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.39424970746040344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.28077542781829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.23682916164398193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2019081711769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.19970402121543884}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6369337439537048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6191657185554504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.5714828372001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5688733458518982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5648918747901917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155846161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143367","display_name":"Graphical model","level":2,"score":0.5580913424491882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.5295839309692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.4848983883857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48349812626838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4431344270706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4320453703403473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.41180670261383057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39424970746040344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28077542781829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.23682916164398193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2019081711769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.19970402121543884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10060842","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060842","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/6/842/pdf?version=1527504093","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0c70c02643c74c1b91ece84f73b5ec4f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0c70c02643c74c1b91ece84f73b5ec4f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 6, p 842 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/10/6/842/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10060842","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1594954","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1594954","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196330","display_name":"mediaTUM  (Technical University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10060842","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060842","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/6/842/pdf?version=1527504093","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5106512922","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6024419964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6052429835","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(DFG)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8330397625","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Funding","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","ror":"https://ror.org/039djdh30"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320881","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2805415370.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2805415370.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W901007955","https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1482289351","https://openalex.org/W1566946109","https://openalex.org/W1965076526","https://openalex.org/W1973749534","https://openalex.org/W1977769609","https://openalex.org/W1984792953","https://openalex.org/W1985264227","https://openalex.org/W1992495255","https://openalex.org/W1996061706","https://openalex.org/W1996698879","https://openalex.org/W1999422582","https://openalex.org/W2031126308","https://openalex.org/W2033193852","https://openalex.org/W2034318548","https://openalex.org/W2036610344","https://openalex.org/W2038391454","https://openalex.org/W2040117585","https://openalex.org/W2051009464","https://openalex.org/W2052611179","https://openalex.org/W2061240006","https://openalex.org/W2062725567","https://openalex.org/W2063173993","https://openalex.org/W2067502968","https://openalex.org/W2071867759","https://openalex.org/W2076306039","https://openalex.org/W2077221385","https://openalex.org/W2083061291","https://openalex.org/W2096349624","https://openalex.org/W2101092968","https://openalex.org/W2106157085","https://openalex.org/W2107884096","https://openalex.org/W2108705732","https://openalex.org/W2124856241","https://openalex.org/W2128420091","https://openalex.org/W2132157458","https://openalex.org/W2137813581","https://openalex.org/W2146062404","https://openalex.org/W2159990194","https://openalex.org/W2251794301","https://openalex.org/W2327273398","https://openalex.org/W2399482152","https://openalex.org/W2485294689","https://openalex.org/W2551600236","https://openalex.org/W2783747976","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W6644493514","https://openalex.org/W6658527287","https://openalex.org/W6660622943","https://openalex.org/W6679498663","https://openalex.org/W6683411478","https://openalex.org/W6691448704","https://openalex.org/W6747508471"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2043914344","https://openalex.org/W3006655138","https://openalex.org/W2805329439","https://openalex.org/W2963336968","https://openalex.org/W2950342388","https://openalex.org/W2088024891","https://openalex.org/W2129999749","https://openalex.org/W4302218341","https://openalex.org/W1966538595","https://openalex.org/W2006196395"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Up-to-date":[0],"maps":[1],"of":[2,30,35,65,75,92,102,150,173,210,219],"a":[3],"city\u2019s":[4],"urban":[5,36],"structure":[6],"types":[7],"(USTs)":[8],"are":[9,95],"very":[10],"important":[11],"for":[12,18,27,55,135],"effective":[13],"planning,":[14],"as":[15,17,78,80],"well":[16,79],"different":[19,108],"studies":[20],"and":[21,50,58,106,130,153,200],"applications.":[22],"We":[23],"present":[24],"an":[25,170],"approach":[26],"the":[28,33,47,66,70,73,85,89,100,132,148,165,202,208,211,217,220],"classification":[29,71,110,162],"USTs":[31],"at":[32,46],"level":[34],"blocks":[37,94,146,222],"based":[38],"on":[39],"high-resolution":[40],"spaceborne":[41],"radar":[42],"imagery.":[43],"Images":[44],"obtained":[45],"satellite\u2019s":[48],"ascending":[49],"descending":[51],"orbits":[52],"were":[53,158],"used":[54],"extracting":[56],"line":[57],"polygon":[59],"features":[60],"from":[61,147],"each":[62],"block.":[63],"Most":[64],"attributes":[67],"considered":[68],"in":[69],"concern":[72],"geometry":[74],"these":[76],"features,":[77],"their":[81,119,128],"spatial":[82],"disposition":[83],"inside":[84],"blocks.":[86,141],"Furthermore,":[87],"assuming":[88],"UST":[90,156],"classes":[91,157],"neighboring":[93,138,221],"probabilistically":[96],"dependent,":[97],"we":[98],"explored":[99],"framework":[101],"probabilistic":[103],"graphical":[104],"models":[105,113],"propose":[107],"context-based":[109,177],"models.":[111],"These":[112],"differ":[114],"with":[115,164],"respect":[116],"to":[117,183,197,216],"(i)":[118],"type,":[120],"i.e.,":[121],"Markov":[122],"or":[123],"conditional":[124],"random":[125],"fields,":[126],"(ii)":[127],"parameterization":[129],"(iii)":[131],"criterion":[133],"applied":[134],"establishing":[136],"pairwise":[137,193],"relationships":[139],"between":[140],"In":[142],"our":[143],"experiments,":[144],"1,695":[145],"city":[149],"Munich":[151],"(Germany)":[152],"five":[154],"representative":[155],"considered.":[159],"A":[160],"standard":[161],"performed":[163],"Random":[166],"Forest":[167],"algorithm":[168],"achieved":[169,179],"overall":[171,180],"accuracy":[172,203],"nearly":[174],"70%.":[175],"All":[176],"classifications":[178],"accuracies":[181],"up":[182],"7%":[184],"higher":[185,206],"than":[186],"that.":[187],"The":[188],"results":[189,199],"indicate":[190],"that":[191,201],"denser":[192],"block-neighborhood":[194],"structures":[195],"lead":[196],"better":[198],"improvement":[204],"is":[205,214],"when":[207],"strength":[209],"contextual":[212],"influences":[213],"proportional":[215],"similarity":[218],"attributes.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
