{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2793569623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10030398","title":"Improving the Quality of Satellite Imagery Based on Ground-Truth Data from Rain Gauge Stations","display_name":"Improving the Quality of Satellite Imagery Based on Ground-Truth Data from Rain Gauge Stations","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2793569623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10030398","mag":"2793569623"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10030398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10030398","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/3/398/pdf?version=1520238932","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/3/398/pdf?version=1520238932","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050599146","display_name":"Ana F. Militino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0631-3919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175051016","display_name":"Universidad Publica de Navarra","ror":"https://ror.org/02z0cah89","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88155538","display_name":"Universidad de Navarra","ror":"https://ror.org/02rxc7m23","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88155538"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ana Militino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, UNED Pamplona, 31006 Pamplona, Spain","Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain","Institute for Advanced Materials (InaMat), Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0631-3919","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, UNED Pamplona, 31006 Pamplona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88155538"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Advanced Materials (InaMat), Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034239473","display_name":"M. D. Ugarte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-8400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175051016","display_name":"Universidad Publica de Navarra","ror":"https://ror.org/02z0cah89","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88155538","display_name":"Universidad de Navarra","ror":"https://ror.org/02rxc7m23","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88155538"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Ugarte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, UNED Pamplona, 31006 Pamplona, Spain","Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain","Institute for Advanced Materials (InaMat), Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-8400","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, UNED Pamplona, 31006 Pamplona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88155538"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Advanced Materials (InaMat), Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087248624","display_name":"Unai P\u00e9rez-Goya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2796-9079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175051016","display_name":"Universidad Publica de Navarra","ror":"https://ror.org/02z0cah89","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Unai P\u00e9rez-Goya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2796-9079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050599146"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175051016","https://openalex.org/I88155538"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.9759,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76711774,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"3","first_page":"398","last_page":"398"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.7948170304298401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.7401018738746643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalized-difference-vegetation-index","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","score":0.7147603034973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.6178689002990723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6089690327644348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.5769028067588806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-mean-square","display_name":"Root mean square","score":0.5437139868736267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.49383407831192017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4709419012069702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.4482640027999878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"Satellite imagery","score":0.41720515489578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.37039464712142944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.339325875043869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.31592702865600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2506255507469177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2502657473087311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.17915832996368408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1765930950641632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13787636160850525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1373138427734375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.7948170304298401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.7401018738746643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1549246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718775","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","level":3,"score":0.7147603034973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.6178689002990723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6089690327644348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.5769028067588806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71907059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223323","display_name":"Root mean square","level":2,"score":0.5437139868736267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.49383407831192017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4709419012069702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.4482640027999878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.41720515489578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.37039464712142944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.339325875043869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31592702865600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2506255507469177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2502657473087311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.17915832996368408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1765930950641632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13787636160850525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1373138427734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10030398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10030398","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/3/398/pdf?version=1520238932","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:academica-e.unavarra.es:2454/38820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2454/38820","pdf_url":"https://academica-e.unavarra.es/bitstreams/dfbfce18-e58c-4683-830f-9f08d689cc3c/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402560","display_name":"Academica-e (Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I175051016","host_organization_name":"Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra (UPNA)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ddaef9962ba1401d92a77d241cde886d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ddaef9962ba1401d92a77d241cde886d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 3, p 398 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/10/3/398/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10030398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10030398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10030398","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/3/398/pdf?version=1520238932","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326262","display_name":"Ministerio de Asuntos Econ\u00f3micos y Transformaci\u00f3n Digital, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","ror":"https://ror.org/03sv46s19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2793569623.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1491321328","https://openalex.org/W1579822390","https://openalex.org/W1974047452","https://openalex.org/W1993971295","https://openalex.org/W2015435324","https://openalex.org/W2020977453","https://openalex.org/W2053683629","https://openalex.org/W2055571567","https://openalex.org/W2057387551","https://openalex.org/W2057779644","https://openalex.org/W2059830792","https://openalex.org/W2066074454","https://openalex.org/W2092722122","https://openalex.org/W2111218377","https://openalex.org/W2117422131","https://openalex.org/W2138751033","https://openalex.org/W2155897273","https://openalex.org/W2169278316","https://openalex.org/W2169465905","https://openalex.org/W2334695885","https://openalex.org/W2528677926","https://openalex.org/W2575963352","https://openalex.org/W2578640784","https://openalex.org/W2775710146","https://openalex.org/W2777168572","https://openalex.org/W2989983865","https://openalex.org/W4231057675","https://openalex.org/W4298876635","https://openalex.org/W6636950212","https://openalex.org/W6732196768"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3207046288","https://openalex.org/W3023446922","https://openalex.org/W4324030030","https://openalex.org/W4385533602","https://openalex.org/W3189212133","https://openalex.org/W4382239404","https://openalex.org/W2526455285","https://openalex.org/W4382519838","https://openalex.org/W3142012701","https://openalex.org/W292456094"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multitemporal":[0],"imagery":[1],"is":[2,63,114,146],"by":[3],"and":[4,7,18,21,73,83,86,100,172,180,186,206],"large":[5],"geometrically":[6],"radiometrically":[8],"accurate,":[9],"but":[10,243],"the":[11,34,52,77,84,121,134,138,143,149,153,160,163,169,173,177,193,199,203,207,219,224,227,237,252],"residual":[12],"noise":[13],"arising":[14],"from":[15,46,95],"removal":[16],"clouds":[17],"other":[19],"atmospheric":[20],"electronic":[22],"effects":[23],"can":[24,50],"produce":[25],"outliers":[26],"that":[27,192],"must":[28],"be":[29],"mitigated":[30],"to":[31,236,247],"properly":[32],"exploit":[33],"remote":[35],"sensing":[36],"information.":[37],"In":[38],"this":[39,58],"study,":[40],"we":[41],"show":[42],"how":[43],"ground-truth":[44,131,196],"data":[45,132,171,175,197,221],"rain":[47],"gauge":[48],"stations":[49],"improve":[51],"quality":[53],"of":[54,68,92,119,137,142,152,162,195,226,245],"satellite":[55],"imagery.":[56],"To":[57,102],"end,":[59],"a":[60,105,125,182],"simulation":[61],"study":[62,190],"conducted":[64],"wherein":[65],"different":[66],"sizes":[67],"outlier":[69],"outbreaks":[70],"are":[71,133,249],"spread":[72],"randomly":[74],"introduced":[75],"in":[76,201],"normalized":[78],"difference":[79],"vegetation":[80],"index":[81],"(NDVI)":[82],"day":[85],"night":[87],"land":[88],"surface":[89],"temperature":[90],"(LST)":[91],"composite":[93],"images":[94],"Navarre":[96],"(Spain)":[97],"between":[98,168],"2011":[99],"2015.":[101],"remove":[103],"outliers,":[104],"new":[106,215,253],"method":[107,117,145,216],"called":[108],"thin-plate":[109,126],"splines":[110],"with":[111,124,148,176,181,185,251],"covariates":[112,136],"(TpsWc)":[113],"proposed.":[115],"This":[116],"consists":[118],"smoothing":[120],"median":[122],"anomalies":[123],"spline":[127],"model,":[128],"whereby":[129],"transformed":[130],"external":[135],"model.":[139],"The":[140,189,214,230],"performance":[141],"proposed":[144],"measured":[147],"square":[150,155,166],"root":[151,161],"mean":[154,165],"error":[156],"(RMSE),":[157],"calculated":[158],"as":[159],"pixel-by-pixel":[164],"differences":[167],"original":[170],"predicted":[174],"TpsWc":[178,204],"model":[179,184,205,209],"state-space":[183,208],"without":[187],"covariates.":[188],"shows":[191],"use":[194],"reduces":[198],"RMSE":[200,231],"both":[202],"used":[210],"for":[211],"comparison":[212],"purposes.":[213],"successfully":[217],"removes":[218],"abnormal":[220],"while":[222],"preserving":[223],"phenology":[225],"raw":[228],"data.":[229],"reduction":[232],"percentage":[233],"varies":[234],"according":[235],"derived":[238],"variables":[239],"(NDVI":[240],"or":[241],"LST),":[242],"reductions":[244],"up":[246],"20%":[248],"achieved":[250],"proposal.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-04T09:04:59.091469","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
