{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2790853842","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020252","title":"Lake Chad Total Surface Water Area as Derived from Land Surface Temperature and Radar Remote Sensing Data","display_name":"Lake Chad Total Surface Water Area as Derived from Land Surface Temperature and Radar Remote Sensing Data","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2790853842","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020252","mag":"2790853842"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10020252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020252","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/2/252/pdf?version=1517985217","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/2/252/pdf?version=1517985217","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076023586","display_name":"F. Policelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7446-7338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306266525","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124779","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Frederick Policelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036520860","display_name":"Alfred Hubbard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4917-7272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306266525","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144891","display_name":"Science Systems and Applications (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03xec1444","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144891"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfred Hubbard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science Systems and Applications, Inc./Goddard Space Flight Center Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science Systems and Applications, Inc./Goddard Space Flight Center Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210144891"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064933798","display_name":"Hahn Chul Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6330-1834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306266525","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144891","display_name":"Science Systems and Applications (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03xec1444","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144891"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hahn Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science Systems and Applications, Inc./Goddard Space Flight Center Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science Systems and Applications, Inc./Goddard Space Flight Center Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210144891"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110533565","display_name":"Ben Zaitchik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Zaitchik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030569650","display_name":"Charles Ichoku","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3244-4549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306266525","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124779","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Ichoku","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center Climate and Radiation Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center Climate and Radiation Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076023586"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.7769,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89626361,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"252","last_page":"252"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9589999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9404000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6906158924102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dry-season","display_name":"Dry season","score":0.5584989190101624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-water","display_name":"Surface water","score":0.5395497679710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5383774638175964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4475715756416321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.41725778579711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","score":0.3929770588874817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.35165083408355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.25327223539352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.18855905532836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.06998741626739502}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6906158924102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9777977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146575","display_name":"Dry season","level":2,"score":0.5584989190101624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8625798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752112","display_name":"Surface water","level":2,"score":0.5395497679710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5383774638175964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4475715756416321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.41725778579711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.3929770588874817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.35165083408355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.25327223539352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.18855905532836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.06998741626739502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10020252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020252","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/2/252/pdf?version=1517985217","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:124153ef47c44f4099a20d108b7e20cb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/124153ef47c44f4099a20d108b7e20cb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 2, p 252 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/10/2/252/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10020252","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 10; Issue 2; Pages: 252","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10020252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020252","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/2/252/pdf?version=1517985217","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G173078497","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ROSES","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332377","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2790853842.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2790853842.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W73812929","https://openalex.org/W1563227775","https://openalex.org/W1606999916","https://openalex.org/W1721453137","https://openalex.org/W1953227939","https://openalex.org/W1964569279","https://openalex.org/W1970323848","https://openalex.org/W1981899255","https://openalex.org/W1982443857","https://openalex.org/W2011801281","https://openalex.org/W2020647169","https://openalex.org/W2036489687","https://openalex.org/W2041404129","https://openalex.org/W2053915335","https://openalex.org/W2086038705","https://openalex.org/W2086445063","https://openalex.org/W2103429409","https://openalex.org/W2121390560","https://openalex.org/W2130572584","https://openalex.org/W2160677782","https://openalex.org/W2164627339","https://openalex.org/W2534411035","https://openalex.org/W2599585299","https://openalex.org/W2604409186","https://openalex.org/W2620152665","https://openalex.org/W2968158317","https://openalex.org/W6738223305"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2105028643","https://openalex.org/W3123298007","https://openalex.org/W3156127486","https://openalex.org/W1522878462","https://openalex.org/W2324371611","https://openalex.org/W4220973959","https://openalex.org/W2145249086","https://openalex.org/W2132765375","https://openalex.org/W2805507618","https://openalex.org/W2120480462"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lake":[0,97],"Chad,":[1],"located":[2],"in":[3,14,148],"the":[4,7,15,45,51,71,91,106,111,132,138,149,152,164,175,180,183,196,206,212,215,225,233,240,251,258,268,278,284],"middle":[5],"of":[6,24,44,50,114,155,182,211,218,228,239,257,283,297,299],"African":[8],"Sahel":[9],"belt,":[10],"underwent":[11],"dramatic":[12],"decreases":[13],"1970s":[16],"and":[17,57,76,137,194,248,267],"1980s":[18],"leaving":[19],"less":[20],"than":[21],"ten":[22],"percent":[23],"its":[25],"1960s":[26],"surface":[27,47,93,208,236,254,280],"water":[28,48,56,94,209,237,255,281],"extent":[29],"as":[30],"open":[31,55],"water.":[32],"In":[33],"this":[34,200,291],"paper,":[35],"we":[36,124,144,173,204,276],"present":[37],"an":[38,85,294],"extended":[39,202],"record":[40,165,177,186],"(dry":[41,67,81,102,166,187],"seasons":[42,68,82,103,167,188,217,227],"1988\u20132016)":[43],"total":[46,92,207,235,253,279],"area":[49,95,210,238,256,282],"lake":[52,213,241,259,285],"(including":[53],"both":[54],"flooded":[58],"vegetation)":[59],"derived":[60,190],"using":[61,99,151],"Land":[62],"Surface":[63],"Temperature":[64],"(LST)":[65],"data":[66,101,116,122,136],"2000\u20132016)":[69,168],"from":[70,84,105,134,141,169,191],"NASA":[72],"Terra":[73],"MODIS":[74,170],"sensor":[75],"EUMETSAT":[77],"Meteosat-based":[78],"LST":[79,185],"measurements":[80,193],"1988\u20132001)":[83,189],"earlier":[86],"study.":[87],"We":[88,157,222],"also":[89],"examine":[90],"for":[96,214,224],"Chad":[98],"radar":[100,115],"2015\u20132016)":[104],"ESA":[107],"Sentinel-1a":[108],"mission.":[109],"For":[110],"limited":[112],"number":[113],"sets":[117],"available":[118],"to":[119,162,178,230,286],"us":[120],"(18":[121],"sets),":[123],"find":[125,145,223,277],"on":[126],"average":[127,269,295],"a":[128],"close":[129],"match":[130],"between":[131],"estimates":[133,140,150],"these":[135,159],"corresponding":[139],"LST,":[142],"though":[143],"spatial":[146,160],"differences":[147,161],"two":[153,197],"types":[154],"data.":[156],"use":[158,174],"adjust":[163],"LST.":[171],"Then":[172],"adjusted":[176],"remove":[179],"bias":[181],"existing":[184],"Meteosat":[192],"combine":[195],"records.":[198],"From":[199],"composite,":[201],"record,":[203],"plot":[205],"dry":[216,226],"1988\u20131989":[219,229],"through":[220],"2016\u20132017.":[221],"2016\u20132017":[231],"that":[232],"maximum":[234],"was":[242,260,270],"approximately":[243,261,271,300],"16,800":[244],"sq.":[245,263,273],"km":[246,264],"(February":[247],"May,":[249],"2000),":[250],"minimum":[252],"6400":[262],"(November,":[265],"1990),":[266],"12,700":[272],"km.":[274],"Further,":[275],"be":[287],"highly":[288],"variable":[289],"during":[290],"period,":[292],"with":[293],"rate":[296],"increase":[298],"143":[301],"km2":[302],"per":[303],"year.":[304]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}