{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2781615994","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010059","title":"Wind in Complex Terrain\u2014Lidar Measurements for Evaluation of CFD Simulations","display_name":"Wind in Complex Terrain\u2014Lidar Measurements for Evaluation of CFD Simulations","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2781615994","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010059","mag":"2781615994"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10010059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010059","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/1/59/pdf?version=1515057196","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/1/59/pdf?version=1515057196","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043035220","display_name":"Andrea Risan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Risan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046390942","display_name":"John Amund Lund","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117084","display_name":"Meventus (Norway)","ror":"https://ror.org/028t3qn68","country_code":"NO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117084"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Lund","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meventus AS, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meventus AS, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032950951","display_name":"Chi-Yao Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124112","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/02phevt59","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124112","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Yao Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer-Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology, IWES, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer-Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology, IWES, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124112"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080898861","display_name":"Lars S\u00e6tran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0479-4608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars S\u00e6tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043035220"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.4157,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87013122,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"59","last_page":"59"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11371","display_name":"Wind and Air Flow Studies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11371","display_name":"Wind and Air Flow Studies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10680","display_name":"Wind Energy Research and Development","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12696","display_name":"Icing and De-icing Technologies","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.7736603617668152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anemometer","display_name":"Anemometer","score":0.7524286508560181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.7511348724365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reynolds-averaged-navier\u2013stokes-equations","display_name":"Reynolds-averaged Navier\u2013Stokes equations","score":0.7415802478790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulence","display_name":"Turbulence","score":0.710051417350769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-fluid-dynamics","display_name":"Computational fluid dynamics","score":0.6885663270950317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6354915499687195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.5699246525764465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"Wind speed","score":0.5066652894020081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.4916298985481262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-eddy-simulation","display_name":"Large eddy simulation","score":0.47933468222618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4646240174770355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulence-kinetic-energy","display_name":"Turbulence kinetic energy","score":0.4578094184398651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.4119825065135956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-engineering","display_name":"Marine engineering","score":0.3419463634490967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3186897039413452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.2691000998020172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15353962779045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.1325553059577942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10136288404464722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07569125294685364}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.7736603617668152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127882809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175029","display_name":"Anemometer","level":3,"score":0.7524286508560181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.7511348724365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32526432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1536235","display_name":"Reynolds-averaged Navier\u2013Stokes equations","level":3,"score":0.7415802478790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.710051417350769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1633027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815820","display_name":"Computational fluid dynamics","level":2,"score":0.6885663270950317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6354915499687195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5699246525764465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.5066652894020081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.4916298985481262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121448008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755722","display_name":"Large eddy simulation","level":3,"score":0.47933468222618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4646240174770355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15476950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7854776","display_name":"Turbulence kinetic energy","level":3,"score":0.4578094184398651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4119825065135956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.3419463634490967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3186897039413452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.2691000998020172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15353962779045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.1325553059577942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10136288404464722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07569125294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10010059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010059","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/1/59/pdf?version=1515057196","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:brage.bibsys.no:11250/2476118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2476118","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"18","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8b6023e25bb54492bf00aafe873d9cd0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8b6023e25bb54492bf00aafe873d9cd0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 1, p 59 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-582107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-582107.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer IWES","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/10/1/59/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10010059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 10; Issue 1; Pages: 59","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/261496","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/261496","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10010059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010059","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/1/59/pdf?version=1515057196","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3748656914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Norway","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4533285077","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ENERGIX","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311040","display_name":"Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2781615994.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2781615994.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W323536346","https://openalex.org/W2011936492","https://openalex.org/W2069645166","https://openalex.org/W2092521395","https://openalex.org/W2099728477","https://openalex.org/W2110498669","https://openalex.org/W2111851584","https://openalex.org/W2114388830","https://openalex.org/W2167902309","https://openalex.org/W2167913975","https://openalex.org/W2174028205","https://openalex.org/W2472357327","https://openalex.org/W2649837972","https://openalex.org/W4237101820","https://openalex.org/W4240258577","https://openalex.org/W4241035370","https://openalex.org/W6677224611"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2883583601","https://openalex.org/W4387723516","https://openalex.org/W4248839168","https://openalex.org/W2256868001","https://openalex.org/W2807764279","https://openalex.org/W1491937366","https://openalex.org/W4389719378","https://openalex.org/W3207906710","https://openalex.org/W1559030289","https://openalex.org/W2008277130"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computational":[0],"Fluid":[1],"Dynamics":[2],"(CFD)":[3],"is":[4,35],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"to":[7,37,44,98,133,147],"predict":[8],"wind":[9,12,18],"conditions":[10],"for":[11,101],"energy":[13],"production":[14],"purposes.":[15],"However,":[16],"as":[17],"power":[19],"development":[20],"expands":[21],"into":[22],"areas":[23],"of":[24,41,54,93,103,114,128,151,158,169],"even":[25],"more":[26,33],"complex":[27,66,170],"terrain":[28,67],"and":[29,153],"challenging":[30],"flow":[31,47,104],"conditions,":[32],"research":[34],"needed":[36],"investigate":[38],"the":[39,52,94,110,115,126,134,139,149,156,159,164],"ability":[40],"such":[42],"models":[43],"describe":[45],"turbulent":[46],"features.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50],"study,":[51],"performance":[53],"a":[55,78,117],"hybrid":[56],"Reynolds-Averaged":[57],"Navier-Stokes":[58],"(RANS)/Large":[59],"Eddy":[60],"Simulation":[61],"(LES)":[62],"model":[63,72,105,144],"in":[64,121,138,167],"highly":[65],"has":[68],"been":[69],"investigated.":[70],"The":[71,91,142],"was":[73,96,123,130,145],"compared":[74],"with":[75,87],"measurements":[76,129],"from":[77],"long":[79],"range":[80,111],"pulsed":[81],"Lidar,":[82],"which":[83],"first":[84],"were":[85],"validated":[86],"sonic":[88],"anemometer":[89],"data.":[90],"accuracy":[92,122],"Lidar":[95,116,160],"considered":[97],"be":[99],"sufficient":[100],"validation":[102],"turbulence":[106,154,165],"estimates.":[107],"By":[108],"reducing":[109],"gate":[112],"length":[113],"slight":[118],"additional":[119],"improvement":[120],"obtained,":[124],"but":[125,162],"availability":[127],"reduced":[131],"due":[132],"increased":[135],"noise":[136],"floor":[137],"returned":[140],"signal.":[141],"DES":[143],"able":[146],"capture":[148],"variations":[150],"velocity":[152],"along":[155],"line-of-sight":[157],"beam":[161],"overestimated":[163],"level":[166],"regions":[168],"flow.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
