{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3044806384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics9030058","title":"Robotic Detection and Grasp of Maize and Sorghum: Stem Measurement with Contact","display_name":"Robotic Detection and Grasp of Maize and Sorghum: Stem Measurement with Contact","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3044806384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics9030058","mag":"3044806384"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics9030058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics9030058","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/9/3/58/pdf?version=1595912754","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/9/3/58/pdf?version=1595912754","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091063835","display_name":"Abbas Atefi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9542-6706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abbas Atefi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9542-6706","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079179458","display_name":"Yufeng Ge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6460-0780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufeng Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031034906","display_name":"Santosh Pitla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3713-4569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Santosh Pitla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048302859","display_name":"James C. Schnable","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6739-5527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Schnable","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6739-5527","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091063835"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":3.0059,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90829233,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":"58","last_page":"58"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12093","display_name":"Greenhouse Technology and Climate Control","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5792971849441528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grasp","display_name":"GRASP","score":0.55136638879776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5174649357795715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotic-arm","display_name":"Robotic arm","score":0.5007226467132568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-vision","display_name":"Machine vision","score":0.46499624848365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39205700159072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3781663775444031}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5792971849441528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171268870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1486676","display_name":"GRASP","level":2,"score":0.55136638879776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5174649357795715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150415221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40687","display_name":"Robotic arm","level":2,"score":0.5007226467132568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5339829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425977","display_name":"Machine vision","level":2,"score":0.46499624848365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39205700159072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3781663775444031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics9030058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics9030058","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/9/3/58/pdf?version=1595912754","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:biosysengfacpub-1710","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosysengfacpub/711","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306513441","display_name":"Insecta mundi","issn_l":"0749-6737","issn":["0749-6737","1942-1354","1942-1362"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316217","host_organization_name":"Center for Systematic Entomology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316217"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Center for Systematic Entomology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Biological Systems Engineering: Papers and Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:37ca2cccd459473d87be07b9207b8d8a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/37ca2cccd459473d87be07b9207b8d8a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Robotics, Vol 9, Iss 3, p 58 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2218-6581/9/3/58/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/robotics9030058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Robotics; Volume 9; Issue 3; Pages: 58","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics9030058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics9030058","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/9/3/58/pdf?version=1595912754","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2911295583","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OIA-1557417","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3044806384.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064341623","https://openalex.org/W2145675077","https://openalex.org/W2413392648","https://openalex.org/W2535063655","https://openalex.org/W2541344361","https://openalex.org/W2611517298","https://openalex.org/W2620946560","https://openalex.org/W2736689758","https://openalex.org/W2756014296","https://openalex.org/W2770172697","https://openalex.org/W2784086122","https://openalex.org/W2889719726","https://openalex.org/W2890071150","https://openalex.org/W2890830745","https://openalex.org/W2891682150","https://openalex.org/W2895897483","https://openalex.org/W2900732439","https://openalex.org/W2950426112","https://openalex.org/W2954236833","https://openalex.org/W4391420792","https://openalex.org/W6748230462"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2163296013","https://openalex.org/W2743859443","https://openalex.org/W2326995835","https://openalex.org/W165915117","https://openalex.org/W2059402478","https://openalex.org/W2123347777","https://openalex.org/W4387804363","https://openalex.org/W2019547100","https://openalex.org/W2477150073","https://openalex.org/W2515493494"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Frequent":[0],"measurements":[1,58,179],"of":[2,33,47,62,65,70,91,100,104,141,160,169,180,202],"the":[3,14,30,63,85,121,158,161,203],"plant":[4,11,25,53],"phenotypes":[5],"make":[6],"it":[7],"possible":[8],"to":[9,50,74,119,132,156,185,191,195],"monitor":[10],"status":[12],"during":[13],"growing":[15],"season.":[16],"Stem":[17],"diameter":[18,35,90,181],"is":[19,38],"an":[20],"important":[21],"proxy":[22],"for":[23,56,111],"overall":[24],"biomass":[26],"and":[27,43,83,87,93,114,126,137,153,171,177,199],"health.":[28],"However,":[29],"manual":[31,66,176],"measurement":[32],"stem":[34,122,134,170],"in":[36,135,148],"plants":[37,155],"time":[39],"consuming,":[40],"error":[41],"prone,":[42],"laborious.":[44],"The":[45,68,96,164],"use":[46],"agricultural":[48],"robots":[49],"automatically":[51,81],"collect":[52],"phenotypic":[54],"data":[55],"trait":[57],"can":[59,80],"overcome":[60],"many":[61],"drawbacks":[64],"phenotyping.":[67],"objective":[69],"this":[71],"research":[72],"was":[73,146],"develop":[75],"a":[76,101,108,115,149,172,189],"robotic":[77,97,106,162,178],"system":[78,98,165],"that":[79],"detect":[82,133],"grasp":[84],"stem,":[86,142],"measure":[88,120,196],"its":[89,183],"maize":[92,152],"sorghum":[94,154],"plants.":[95],"comprises":[99],"four":[102],"degree":[103],"freedom":[105],"manipulator,":[107],"time-of-flight":[109],"camera":[110],"vision":[112],"system,":[113],"linear":[116],"potentiometer":[117],"sensor":[118],"diameter.":[123],"Deep":[124],"learning":[125],"conventional":[127],"image":[128],"processing":[129],"were":[130],"used":[131,187],"images":[136],"find":[138],"grasping":[139,168],"point":[140],"respectively.":[143],"An":[144],"experiment":[145],"conducted":[147],"greenhouse":[150],"using":[151],"evaluate":[157],"performance":[159],"system.":[163],"demonstrated":[166],"successful":[167],"high":[173],"correlation":[174],"between":[175],"depicting":[182],"ability":[184],"be":[186],"as":[188],"prototype":[190],"integrate":[192],"other":[193],"sensors":[194],"different":[197],"physiological":[198],"chemical":[200],"attributes":[201],"stem.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2020-07-29T00:00:00"}