{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125695423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics15020030","title":"Autonomous Forklifts for Warehouse Automation: A Comprehensive Review","display_name":"Autonomous Forklifts for Warehouse Automation: A Comprehensive Review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125695423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics15020030"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics15020030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics15020030","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/15/2/30/pdf?version=1769436445","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/15/2/30/pdf?version=1769436445","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123825285","display_name":"Aditya Dilip Patil","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149919469","display_name":"California Polytechnic State University","ror":"https://ror.org/001gpfp45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aditya Dilip Patil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cal Poly Cyber-Physical Systems Lab, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0762-6931","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cal Poly Cyber-Physical Systems Lab, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084689056","display_name":"Siavash Farzan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6415-5560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149919469","display_name":"California Polytechnic State University","ror":"https://ror.org/001gpfp45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siavash Farzan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6415-5560","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5123825285"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":3.8796,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88029327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"30","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.39469999074935913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.39469999074935913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.1446000039577484,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.10819999873638153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.8141000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payload","display_name":"Payload (computing)","score":0.6722000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.5756000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rollover","display_name":"Rollover (web design)","score":0.4253999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.4226999878883362}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.8141000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134066672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424639","display_name":"Payload (computing)","level":3,"score":0.6722000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.5756000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.46059998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46059998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161521259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6926105","display_name":"Rollover (web design)","level":2,"score":0.4253999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.4226999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.38760000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.34860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86992474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q763591","display_name":"Quality function deployment","level":3,"score":0.3361999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145424490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618465","display_name":"Remotely operated underwater vehicle","level":4,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics15020030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics15020030","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/15/2/30/pdf?version=1769436445","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ba1f3dc6191746cdb32648c513e6ab7d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ba1f3dc6191746cdb32648c513e6ab7d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Robotics, Vol 15, Iss 2, p 30 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics15020030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics15020030","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/15/2/30/pdf?version=1769436445","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.46000632643699646}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125695423.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"decades":[1],"of":[2,20],"research,":[3],"autonomous":[4,33],"forklifts":[5],"remain":[6],"deployed":[7],"at":[8,136],"a":[9,140],"small":[10],"scale":[11,148],"(2\u201350":[12],"vehicles),":[13],"while":[14],"industrial":[15,150],"warehouses":[16],"require":[17],"coordinating":[18],"hundreds":[19],"vehicles":[21],"in":[22],"environments":[23,151],"shared":[24],"with":[25,92,171],"human":[26,161],"workers.":[27],"This":[28,191],"systematic":[29,176],"review":[30,192],"analyzes":[31],"forklift-specific":[32,67],"technologies":[34],"published":[35],"between":[36],"2010":[37],"and":[38,49,81,124,159,179,188],"2025":[39],"across":[40,69],"major":[41],"robotics":[42],"databases":[43],"(including":[44],"IEEE":[45],"Xplore,":[46],"ACM,":[47],"Elsevier,":[48],"related":[50],"venues)":[51],"to":[52,149,153],"identify":[53],"deployment":[54,142],"barriers.":[55],"Following":[56],"the":[57,166],"PRISMA":[58],"guidelines,":[59],"we":[60],"systematically":[61],"selected":[62],"122":[63],"peer-reviewed":[64],"papers":[65],"addressing":[66,183],"challenges":[68],"eight":[70],"subsystems:":[71],"vehicle":[72],"modeling,":[73],"localization,":[74],"planning,":[75],"control,":[76,187],"vision-based":[77],"manipulation,":[78,113],"multi-vehicle":[79],"coordination,":[80,185],"safety.":[82,190],"We":[83],"synthesized":[84],"80":[85],"methods":[86],"through":[87],"8":[88],"standardized":[89],"comparison":[90],"tables":[91],"quality":[93],"assessment":[94],"based":[95],"on":[96],"validation":[97,133],"rigor.":[98],"State-of-the-art":[99],"approaches":[100],"demonstrate":[101],"strong":[102],"laboratory":[103,137],"performance:":[104],"localization":[105],"achieving":[106],"\u00b11.4":[107],"mm":[108],"accuracy,":[109],"control":[110],"enabling":[111],"sub-centimeter":[112],"planning":[114],"reducing":[115],"mission":[116],"times":[117],"by":[118,130],"2\u201355%,":[119],"vision":[120],"reaching":[121],"98%+":[122],"recognition,":[123],"safety":[125],"frameworks":[126],"cutting":[127],"rollover":[128],"risk":[129],"53\u201359%.":[131],"However,":[132],"predominantly":[134],"occurs":[135],"scale,":[138],"revealing":[139],"critical":[141],"gap.":[143],"These":[144],"achievements":[145],"do":[146],"not":[147,194],"due":[152],"fleet":[154],"coordination":[155],"complexity,":[156],"payload":[157],"variability,":[158],"unpredictable":[160],"behavior.":[162],"Our":[163],"contributions":[164],"include":[165],"following:":[167],"(1)":[168],"performance":[169],"rankings":[170],"technology":[172],"selection":[173],"guidance,":[174],"(2)":[175],"gap":[177],"characterization,":[178],"(3)":[180],"research":[181],"priorities":[182],"mixed-fleet":[184],"learning-enhanced":[186],"human-aware":[189],"was":[193],"prospectively":[195],"registered.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-01-27T00:00:00"}