{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416858489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14120178","title":"A Mobile Robotic System Design and Approach for Autonomous Targeted Disinfection","display_name":"A Mobile Robotic System Design and Approach for Autonomous Targeted Disinfection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416858489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14120178"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics14120178","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14120178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14120178","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019235655","display_name":"Mohammed Z. Shaqura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3840-6033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Z. Shaqura","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3840-6033","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081323439","display_name":"Linyan Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4023-3322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Linyan Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK","School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4023-3322","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074658901","display_name":"Mohammadali Javaheri Koopaee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammadali Javaheri Koopaee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023098184","display_name":"Wissem Haouas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0314-6887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wissem Haouas","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0314-6887","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030764606","display_name":"Moustafa Motawei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moustafa Motawei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039802638","display_name":"Peter Mooney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2389-3783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Mooney","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nick Fry","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nick Fry","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tony Wiese","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tony Wiese","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085716561","display_name":"Bilal Kaddouh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4550-5630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bilal Kaddouh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4550-5630","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065382176","display_name":"Robert C. Richardson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3850-3709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert C. Richardson","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081323439"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":1.1533,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8405622,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"12","first_page":"178","last_page":"178"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10990","display_name":"Infection Control and Ventilation","score":0.15620000660419464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10990","display_name":"Infection Control and Ventilation","score":0.15620000660419464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.10790000110864639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14189","display_name":"Intravenous Infusion Technology and Safety","score":0.07050000131130219,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.6754000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-planning","display_name":"Motion planning","score":0.5026999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.45879998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.42719998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.4002000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pose","display_name":"Pose","score":0.37549999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.361299991607666}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.6754000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5608000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81074085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366872","display_name":"Motion planning","level":3,"score":0.5026999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.45969998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.45879998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.42719998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.4002000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52102323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671968","display_name":"Pose","level":2,"score":0.37549999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.361299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9628104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788009","display_name":"Autonomous system (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3571000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190727649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941532","display_name":"Mobile manipulator","level":4,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5339829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425977","display_name":"Machine vision","level":2,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778835581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916098","display_name":"Autonomous robot","level":4,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60940618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353423","display_name":"Robotic paradigms","level":4,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.25619998574256897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics14120178","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14120178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3e7efc60f740434297f0eeef419a8ac0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3e7efc60f740434297f0eeef419a8ac0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Robotics, Vol 14, Iss 12, p 178 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics14120178","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14120178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G435129383","display_name":"Balancing the impact of City Infrastructure Engineering on Natural systems using Robots","funder_award_id":"EP/N010523/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,52],"recent":[1],"global":[2,89],"pandemic":[3],"has":[4,13],"posed":[5],"unprecedented":[6],"challenges":[7],"to":[8,34,75,98],"public":[9,41],"health":[10],"systems":[11],"and":[12,38,78,88,102],"highlighted":[14],"the":[15,29,44,96,113,116],"critical":[16],"need":[17],"for":[18],"effective,":[19],"contactless":[20],"disinfection":[21,36,104,118],"strategies":[22],"in":[23,40],"shared":[24],"environments.":[25],"This":[26],"study":[27],"investigates":[28],"use":[30],"of":[31,46,115],"autonomous":[32,84],"robotics":[33],"enhance":[35],"efficiency":[37],"safety":[39],"spaces":[42],"through":[43],"development":[45],"a":[47],"custom-built":[48],"mobile":[49],"spraying":[50],"platform.":[51],"proposed":[53,117],"robotic":[54,119],"system":[55],"is":[56],"equipped":[57],"with":[58,71,106],"an":[59],"integrated":[60],"3D":[61],"object":[62,69],"pose":[63],"estimation":[64],"framework":[65],"that":[66],"fuses":[67],"RGB-based":[68],"detection":[70],"point":[72],"cloud":[73],"segmentation":[74],"accurately":[76],"identify":[77],"localize":[79],"high-contact":[80],"surfaces.":[81],"To":[82],"facilitate":[83],"operation,":[85],"both":[86],"local":[87],"motion":[90],"planning":[91],"algorithms":[92],"are":[93],"implemented,":[94],"enabling":[95],"robot":[97],"navigate":[99],"complex":[100],"environments":[101],"execute":[103],"tasks":[105],"minimal":[107],"human":[108],"intervention.":[109],"Experimental":[110],"results":[111],"demonstrate":[112],"feasibility":[114],"system.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-12-01T00:00:00"}
