{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415246866","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14100143","title":"Modeling and Simulation of Lower Limb Rehabilitation Exoskeletons: A Comparative Analysis for Dynamic Model Validation and Optimal Approach Selection","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation of Lower Limb Rehabilitation Exoskeletons: A Comparative Analysis for Dynamic Model Validation and Optimal Approach Selection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415246866","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14100143"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics14100143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14100143","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/14/10/143/pdf?version=1760608194","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/14/10/143/pdf?version=1760608194","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019641459","display_name":"Rana Sami Ullah Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rana Sami Ullah Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074323888","display_name":"Muhammad Saeed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["CN","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Tallal Saeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Systems and Control Engineering, School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China","Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Systems and Control Engineering, School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029552039","display_name":"Zeashan Hameed Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2002-8951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zeashan Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Manufacturing & Robotics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Manufacturing & Robotics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104617965","display_name":"Urooj Abid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Urooj Abid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070538772","display_name":"Hafiz Zia Ur Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1623-5317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hafiz Zia Ur Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016511127","display_name":"Zareena Kausar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9157-6296"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102737","display_name":"Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0161dyt30","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zareena Kausar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058280770","display_name":"Shiyin Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2663-3813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiyin Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Systems and Control Engineering, School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Systems and Control Engineering, School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029552039"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.6858,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.747673,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"10","first_page":"143","last_page":"143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10114","display_name":"Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention","score":0.9690999984741211,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.9031000137329102,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exoskeleton","display_name":"Exoskeleton","score":0.620199978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modeling-and-simulation","display_name":"Modeling and simulation","score":0.5565000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bond-graph","display_name":"Bond graph","score":0.47749999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4645000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4375999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-modeling","display_name":"Systems modeling","score":0.43290001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-dynamics","display_name":"System dynamics","score":0.40790000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidisciplinary-approach","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","score":0.400299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-selection","display_name":"Model selection","score":0.3846000134944916}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146549078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191944","display_name":"Exoskeleton","level":2,"score":0.620199978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167343916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888384","display_name":"Modeling and simulation","level":2,"score":0.5565000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187593909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838024","display_name":"Bond graph","level":2,"score":0.47749999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4645000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4375999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110963975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12070446","display_name":"Systems modeling","level":2,"score":0.43290001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77405623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598451","display_name":"System dynamics","level":2,"score":0.40790000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22467394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849359","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","level":2,"score":0.400299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93959086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888345","display_name":"Model selection","level":2,"score":0.3846000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775862927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7309766","display_name":"Rehabilitation robotics","level":3,"score":0.36559998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119247159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366192","display_name":"System identification","level":3,"score":0.35179999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.34459999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76969082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486902","display_name":"Mathematical model","level":2,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.33320000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019813237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65089264","display_name":"Model validation","level":2,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108215451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7263963","display_name":"Simulation modeling","level":2,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76956256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27610560","display_name":"Process modeling","level":3,"score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141123601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6935072","display_name":"Multiscale modeling","level":2,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777897806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568742","display_name":"3D modeling","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics14100143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14100143","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/14/10/143/pdf?version=1760608194","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4ded9e7436834d41a9e03582ec76c4b1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4ded9e7436834d41a9e03582ec76c4b1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Robotics, Vol 14, Iss 10, p 143 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics14100143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14100143","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/14/10/143/pdf?version=1760608194","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415246866.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415246866.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W171032875","https://openalex.org/W1547470073","https://openalex.org/W1647779760","https://openalex.org/W1935296231","https://openalex.org/W2148519839","https://openalex.org/W2244621731","https://openalex.org/W2286933787","https://openalex.org/W2498987434","https://openalex.org/W2533359675","https://openalex.org/W2549575075","https://openalex.org/W2576714614","https://openalex.org/W2589489083","https://openalex.org/W2605432782","https://openalex.org/W2774005920","https://openalex.org/W2788712207","https://openalex.org/W2789246002","https://openalex.org/W2884232808","https://openalex.org/W2886880902","https://openalex.org/W2892388197","https://openalex.org/W2894445978","https://openalex.org/W2903939862","https://openalex.org/W2922161648","https://openalex.org/W2926658787","https://openalex.org/W2947288941","https://openalex.org/W2964298607","https://openalex.org/W2966720801","https://openalex.org/W2970489687","https://openalex.org/W2971021763","https://openalex.org/W2990997159","https://openalex.org/W3010168096","https://openalex.org/W3017353706","https://openalex.org/W3026547456","https://openalex.org/W3026719416","https://openalex.org/W3027324255","https://openalex.org/W3040925789","https://openalex.org/W3096469298","https://openalex.org/W3102561674","https://openalex.org/W3112617002","https://openalex.org/W3115711415","https://openalex.org/W3129871598","https://openalex.org/W3134098547","https://openalex.org/W3185395752","https://openalex.org/W3188247468","https://openalex.org/W3190715251","https://openalex.org/W3195623236","https://openalex.org/W3209796476","https://openalex.org/W3213394734","https://openalex.org/W4200531287","https://openalex.org/W4224050116","https://openalex.org/W4229041352","https://openalex.org/W4247093989","https://openalex.org/W4281759545","https://openalex.org/W4313322467","https://openalex.org/W4313522489","https://openalex.org/W4411715623","https://openalex.org/W4413006894"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"modeling":[1,43,60,70,81,127,137,146,203,218,225],"and":[2,17,36,69,79,97,128,141,159,172,184,196,201,226,253,261,291],"simulation":[3],"of":[4,26,77,144,157,174,194,198,264,272,284],"lower":[5,51],"limb":[6,52],"rehabilitation":[7,53],"exoskeleton":[8,54],"(LLRE)":[9],"enables":[10],"effective":[11,202],"control":[12,153,241,262],"resulting":[13],"in":[14,239,258],"enhanced":[15],"performance":[16],"ensuring":[18],"efficient":[19,200],"rehabilitation.":[20],"There":[21],"are":[22,82],"two":[23],"primary":[24],"objectives":[25],"this":[27],"study.":[28],"First":[29],"is":[30,38,55,163,212],"to":[31,39,132,191,251,279],"validate":[32,281],"the":[33,41,134,169,175,192,213,244,282,285],"existing":[34],"models":[35,195],"second":[37],"identify":[40,133],"optimal":[42,246],"approach":[44,216,247],"for":[45,106,205,217,237,255,287],"exoskeletons.":[46],"For":[47],"validation,":[48],"firstly":[49],"a":[50,139],"modeled":[56],"using":[57,87],"three":[58,176],"different":[59,145],"approaches":[61,147],"which":[62],"include":[63],"analytical":[64,78],"modeling,":[65,68,112],"bond":[66],"graph":[67],"through":[71],"Simscape":[72],"(SS).":[73],"Thereafter,":[74],"dynamic":[75,89,273],"responses":[76,274,278],"graphical":[80],"compared":[83],"with":[84,275],"SS":[85],"model":[86,102,232,256,286],"key":[88],"response":[90],"parameters,":[91],"including":[92],"rise":[93],"time,":[94,96],"peak":[95],"others.":[98],"The":[99,166,207,230],"SS-based":[100],"physical":[101,115],"can":[103,233],"be":[104,235],"employed":[105,236],"validation":[107,193],"because":[108],"SS,":[109],"unlike":[110],"mathematical":[111,126],"uses":[113],"unit-consistent":[114],"domain":[116],"data":[117],"and,":[118],"therefore,":[119],"serves":[120],"as":[121,152,220],"an":[122,199,249],"intermediate":[123],"step":[124],"between":[125],"hardware":[129,277],"validation.":[130],"Secondly,":[131],"most":[135,214],"suitable":[136,215],"approach,":[138],"structured":[140],"comprehensive":[142],"comparison":[143,271],"based":[148],"on":[149,181],"aspects":[150],"such":[151,186],"domain,":[154],"complexity,":[155],"ease":[156],"use,":[158],"other":[160],"relevant":[161],"factors":[162],"carried":[164],"out.":[165],"results":[167],"highlight":[168],"qualitative":[170],"strengths":[171],"limitations":[173],"approaches.":[177],"Previous":[178],"studies":[179],"focus":[180],"individual":[182],"methods":[183],"lack":[185],"comparison.":[187],"This":[188],"work":[189,269],"contributes":[190],"identification":[197],"methodology":[204],"LLRE.":[206],"findings":[208],"reveal":[209],"that":[210],"Simscape\u2122":[211],"LLREs":[219],"it":[221],"provides":[222,248],"multidisciplinary":[223],"system":[224],"supports":[227],"real-time":[228],"simulation.":[229],"validated":[231],"now":[234],"advancements":[238],"model-based":[240],"design.":[242],"Moreover,":[243],"identified":[245],"insight":[250],"researchers":[252],"engineers":[254],"selection":[257],"early-stage":[259],"design":[260],"development":[263],"complex":[265],"mechatronic":[266],"systems.":[267],"Future":[268],"includes":[270],"actual":[276],"experimentally":[280],"effectiveness":[283],"real-world":[288],"patient":[289],"assistance":[290],"mobility":[292],"restoration.":[293]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T15:22:09.906841","created_date":"2025-10-16T00:00:00"}
