{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403872324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13110159","title":"Arduino-Based Mobile Robotics for Fostering Computational Thinking Development: An Empirical Study with Elementary School Students Using Problem-Based Learning Across Europe","display_name":"Arduino-Based Mobile Robotics for Fostering Computational Thinking Development: An Empirical Study with Elementary School Students Using Problem-Based Learning Across Europe","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403872324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13110159"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics13110159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13110159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13110159","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012526426","display_name":"Rolando Barradas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9399-9981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155381812","display_name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro","ror":"https://ror.org/03qc8vh97","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60858718","display_name":"University of Aveiro","ror":"https://ror.org/00nt41z93","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rolando Barradas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro (IEETA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal","Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory (LASI), Escola de Engenharia\u2014Universidade do Minho, Campus Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal","School of Sciences and Technology-Engineering Department (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro (IEETA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory (LASI), Escola de Engenharia\u2014Universidade do Minho, Campus Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Sciences and Technology-Engineering Department (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089142450","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Alberto Lencastre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7884-5957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Alberto Lencastre","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIEd\u2014Research Centre on Education, Institute of Education, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4704-553 Braga, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIEd\u2014Research Centre on Education, Institute of Education, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4704-553 Braga, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008995670","display_name":"Salviano Soares","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5862-5706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155381812","display_name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro","ror":"https://ror.org/03qc8vh97","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60858718","display_name":"University of Aveiro","ror":"https://ror.org/00nt41z93","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salviano Pinto Soares","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro (IEETA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal","Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory (LASI), Escola de Engenharia\u2014Universidade do Minho, Campus Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal","School of Sciences and Technology-Engineering Department (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro (IEETA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory (LASI), Escola de Engenharia\u2014Universidade do Minho, Campus Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Sciences and Technology-Engineering Department (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035632347","display_name":"Ant\u00f3nio Valente","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5798-1298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155381812","display_name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro","ror":"https://ror.org/03qc8vh97","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166615","display_name":"INESC TEC","ror":"https://ror.org/05fa8ka61","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ant\u00f3nio Valente","raw_affiliation_strings":["INESC TEC, Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","School of Sciences and Technology-Engineering Department (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INESC TEC, Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Sciences and Technology-Engineering Department (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035632347"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812","https://openalex.org/I182534213","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":4.0749,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9493269,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"11","first_page":"159","last_page":"159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11370","display_name":"Mobile Learning in Education","score":0.9825000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-thinking","display_name":"Computational thinking","score":0.780996561050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.663194477558136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6024396419525146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.5677072405815125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.5652012228965759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arduino","display_name":"Arduino","score":0.5442597270011902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.486611932516098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.46733367443084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.44815337657928467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3085211515426636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20070040225982666}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780368719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157342","display_name":"Computational thinking","level":2,"score":0.780996561050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.663194477558136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6024396419525146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5677072405815125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.5652012228965759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136501162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175957","display_name":"Arduino","level":2,"score":0.5442597270011902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.486611932516098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.46733367443084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.44815337657928467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3085211515426636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20070040225982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics13110159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13110159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorium.uminho.pt:1822/93544","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1822/93544","pdf_url":"https://repositorium.uminho.pt/bitstreams/e9022720-9aa9-40d4-a5d4-2fe404346e8d/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400624","display_name":"Reposit\u00f3riUM (Universidade do Minho)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","host_organization_name":"University of Minho","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3f277a9e8d5549a7bdaf9a13cd2f8339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3f277a9e8d5549a7bdaf9a13cd2f8339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Robotics, Vol 13, Iss 11, p 159 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics13110159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13110159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G168538887","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Portugal","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323642","funder_display_name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G213682523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FCT/MCTES","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323642","funder_display_name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2987173697","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDP/","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G314391297","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDP/01661/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3272457656","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3514550006","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Centre","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4891499336","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Erasmus+ Programme","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G517565431","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"9/UIDP/","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5226653915","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FCT/MCT","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5732873362","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/00127/202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5858951237","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/01661/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6147775995","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/00127/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G738030663","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FCT/MCTES","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7990283390","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"https","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323642","display_name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/045b9pr88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325399","display_name":"Universidade do Minho","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335551","display_name":"Erasmus+","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W366467963","https://openalex.org/W1777119744","https://openalex.org/W1966159914","https://openalex.org/W2023718959","https://openalex.org/W2113567752","https://openalex.org/W2186285529","https://openalex.org/W2248734060","https://openalex.org/W2339183141","https://openalex.org/W2560154283","https://openalex.org/W2767711069","https://openalex.org/W2972057388","https://openalex.org/W4205972012","https://openalex.org/W4390144959","https://openalex.org/W4391437137","https://openalex.org/W4396680993","https://openalex.org/W6654959976","https://openalex.org/W6745907280","https://openalex.org/W6911431929"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293241760","https://openalex.org/W2747703758","https://openalex.org/W2770439812","https://openalex.org/W2315986283","https://openalex.org/W2318293530","https://openalex.org/W2592512903","https://openalex.org/W4225811401","https://openalex.org/W2809920716","https://openalex.org/W2392344589","https://openalex.org/W4308173668"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,45,106,174],"present":[1],"article":[2],"explores":[3],"the":[4,28,52,66,91,131,159,164,207,210,216,237,243],"impact":[5],"of":[6,30,56,83,114,134,158,187,209,245],"educational":[7,221],"robotics":[8,222,246],"on":[9],"fostering":[10],"computational":[11,228],"thinking":[12,229],"and":[13,37,43,54,79,86,166,185,205,230,251],"problem-solving":[14,183,231],"skills":[15],"in":[16,100,151,182],"elementary":[17],"school":[18,168,249],"students":[19,42,150,189],"through":[20],"a":[21,31,35,49,57,69,76,111,126,143,152,178,253],"problem-based":[22,224],"learning":[23,225],"approach.":[24],"This":[25,155,212],"study":[26,97,146,160,172,213],"involved":[27,110,148],"creation":[29],"framework":[32,255],"which":[33,147,219,233],"includes":[34],"robot":[36],"two":[38,101],"eBooks":[39,46],"designed":[40],"for":[41,130,202,236,256],"teachers.":[44],"serve":[47],"as":[48],"guide":[50],"to":[51,74,118,177,200],"construction":[53],"programming":[55],"small":[58,112],"Arduino-based":[59],"robot.":[60],"Through":[61,81],"integration":[62],"with":[63,71,170,223],"gamification":[64],"elements,":[65],"model":[67,218],"features":[68],"narrative":[70],"three":[72,171],"characters":[73],"boost":[75],"student\u2019s":[77],"engagement":[78],"motivation.":[80],"iteration":[82],"heuristic":[84],"evaluations":[85],"practical":[87],"tests,":[88],"we":[89,141],"refined":[90],"initial":[92],"theoretical":[93],"framework.":[94],"An":[95],"empirical":[96,108],"was":[98,161],"conducted":[99,142,162],"phases":[102],"involving":[103],"350":[104],"students.":[105],"first":[107],"test":[109],"group":[113,203],"21":[115],"students,":[116],"similar":[117],"end":[119],"users,":[120],"from":[121],"five":[122],"European":[123],"schools.":[124],"With":[125],"100%":[127],"completion":[128],"rate":[129,181],"tasks,":[132],"73.47%":[133],"these":[135],"tasks":[136],"were":[137,198],"solved":[138],"optimally.":[139],"Later,":[140],"larger":[144],"validation":[145],"329":[149],"Portuguese":[153],"school.":[154],"second":[156],"phase":[157],"during":[163],"2022\u20132023":[165],"2023\u20132024":[167],"years":[169],"groups.":[173],"results":[175],"led":[176],"91.13%":[179],"success":[180],"activities,":[184],"56.99%":[186],"those":[188],"achieved":[190],"optimal":[191],"solutions.":[192],"Advanced":[193],"statistical":[194],"techniques,":[195],"including":[196],"ANOVA,":[197],"applied":[199],"account":[201],"differences":[204],"ensure":[206],"robustness":[208],"findings.":[211],"demonstrates":[214],"that":[215],"proposed":[217],"integrates":[220],"effectively":[226],"promotes":[227],"skills,":[232],"are":[234],"essential":[235],"21st":[238],"century.":[239],"These":[240],"findings":[241],"support":[242],"inclusion":[244],"into":[247],"primary":[248],"curricula":[250],"provide":[252],"validated":[254],"educators.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
