{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293059266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics11040068","title":"Sensor Fusion with Deep Learning for Autonomous Classification and Management of Aquatic Invasive Plant Species","display_name":"Sensor Fusion with Deep Learning for Autonomous Classification and Management of Aquatic Invasive Plant Species","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293059266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics11040068"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics11040068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics11040068","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/11/4/68/pdf?version=1657173104","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/11/4/68/pdf?version=1657173104","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039853138","display_name":"Jackson E. Perrin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jackson E. Perrin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010827565","display_name":"Shaphan R. Jernigan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaphan R. Jernigan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074442127","display_name":"Jacob D. Thayer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob D. Thayer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005261580","display_name":"Andrew Howell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9721-2234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew W. Howell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015648564","display_name":"James J. Leary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3269-4011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James K. Leary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004978286","display_name":"Gregory D. Buckner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-4814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gregory D. Buckner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-4814","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004978286"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":2.5268,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89048388,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"4","first_page":"68","last_page":"68"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrilla","display_name":"Hydrilla","score":0.9065691232681274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7280987501144409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.6003105640411377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5776342749595642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5477546453475952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.5240252614021301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4900752305984497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remotely-operated-underwater-vehicle","display_name":"Remotely operated underwater vehicle","score":0.4347642958164215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.41279250383377075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39163634181022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3751371502876282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aquatic-plant","display_name":"Aquatic plant","score":0.3357929289340973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macrophyte","display_name":"Macrophyte","score":0.2043653130531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.16455405950546265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11550161242485046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.09154507517814636}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777369524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2720105","display_name":"Hydrilla","level":4,"score":0.9065691232681274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7280987501144409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.6003105640411377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5776342749595642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5477546453475952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.5240252614021301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4900752305984497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145424490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618465","display_name":"Remotely operated underwater vehicle","level":4,"score":0.4347642958164215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.41279250383377075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39163634181022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3751371502876282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34771814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186101","display_name":"Aquatic plant","level":3,"score":0.3357929289340973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132000320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186101","display_name":"Macrophyte","level":2,"score":0.2043653130531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.16455405950546265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11550161242485046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.09154507517814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics11040068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics11040068","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/11/4/68/pdf?version=1657173104","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:741ac2767f644bd3bb83f9b8ea72af61","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/741ac2767f644bd3bb83f9b8ea72af61","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Robotics, Vol 11, Iss 4, p 68 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2218-6581/11/4/68/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/robotics11040068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Robotics; Volume 11; Issue 4; Pages: 68","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics11040068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics11040068","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/11/4/68/pdf?version=1657173104","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293059266.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293059266.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2102128253","https://openalex.org/W2103496339","https://openalex.org/W2154583501","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2239920435","https://openalex.org/W2898036135","https://openalex.org/W2953321119","https://openalex.org/W2962953743","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2964059111","https://openalex.org/W2997117931","https://openalex.org/W3032601877","https://openalex.org/W3041133507","https://openalex.org/W3149839747","https://openalex.org/W3155622457","https://openalex.org/W3200723492","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6687483927"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2388822123","https://openalex.org/W2757473690","https://openalex.org/W4388909485","https://openalex.org/W2182176547","https://openalex.org/W3123356239","https://openalex.org/W4237907515","https://openalex.org/W2001901668","https://openalex.org/W2162724019","https://openalex.org/W4389913235","https://openalex.org/W3146560809"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,20],"deep":[3,30,169],"learning,":[4,15],"including":[5],"the":[6,21,33,53,82,102,116,173,180,193,214,230,257,271,274],"development":[7,83],"of":[8,23,29,38,43,55,59,72,84,104,110,195,224],"AlexNet,":[9],"Residual":[10],"Network":[11],"(ResNet),":[12],"and":[13,36,75,88,100,123,137,141,147,157,182,207,222,226,235,247,259],"transfer":[14,166],"offer":[16],"unprecedented":[17],"classification":[18,90,201,217,252],"accuracy":[19,218,253,269],"field":[22],"machine":[24],"vision.":[25],"A":[26,203],"developing":[27],"application":[28],"learning":[31,167],"is":[32,95,115],"automated":[34],"identification":[35],"management":[37],"aquatic":[39,45],"invasive":[40,111],"plants.":[41],"Classification":[42],"submersed":[44],"vegetation":[46],"(SAV)":[47],"presents":[48],"a":[49,56,69,85,165,208,241],"unique":[50],"challenge,":[51],"namely,":[52],"lack":[54],"single":[57],"source":[58],"sensor":[60],"data":[61,186],"that":[62,94],"can":[63],"produce":[64],"robust,":[65],"interpretable":[66],"images":[67,125],"across":[68,264],"variable":[70],"range":[71],"depth,":[73],"turbidity,":[74],"lighting":[76],"conditions.":[77],"This":[78],"paper":[79],"focuses":[80],"on":[81,179],"multi-sensor":[86],"(RGB":[87],"hydroacoustic)":[89],"system":[91],"for":[92,143,199,229,240,270],"SAV":[93,160],"robust":[96],"to":[97,191],"environmental":[98],"conditions":[99],"combines":[101],"strengths":[103],"each":[105],"sensing":[106],"modality.":[107],"The":[108,233,250],"detection":[109],"Hydrilla":[112],"verticillata":[113],"(hydrilla)":[114],"primary":[117],"goal.":[118],"Over":[119],"5000":[120],"aerial":[121,135],"RGB":[122,181],"hydroacoustic":[124,183],"were":[126,176,189,238],"generated":[127],"from":[128],"two":[129],"Florida":[130],"lakes":[131],"via":[132],"an":[133],"unmanned":[134],"vehicle":[136],"boat-mounted":[138],"sonar":[139],"unit,":[140],"tagged":[142],"neural":[144,170,197],"network":[145],"training":[146,234,246],"evaluation.":[148],"Classes":[149],"included":[150],"\u201cHYDR\u201d,":[151],"containing":[152,159],"hydrilla;":[153],"\u201cNONE\u201d,":[154],"lacking":[155],"SAV,":[156],"\u201cOTHER\u201d,":[158],"other":[161],"than":[162],"hydrilla.":[163],"Using":[164],"approach,":[168],"networks":[171,198],"with":[172,220,244],"ResNet":[174,258,272],"architecture":[175],"individually":[177],"trained":[178],"datasets.":[184,249],"Multiple":[185],"fusion":[187],"methodologies":[188],"evaluated":[190],"ensemble":[192],"outputs":[194],"these":[196],"optimal":[200],"accuracy.":[202],"method":[204],"incorporating":[205],"logic":[206],"Monte":[209],"Carlo":[210],"dropout":[211],"approach":[212],"yielded":[213],"best":[215],"overall":[216,251],"(84%),":[219],"recall":[221],"precision":[223],"84.5%":[225],"77.5%,":[227],"respectively,":[228],"hydrilla":[231],"class.":[232],"ensembling":[236],"approaches":[237,266],"repeated":[239],"DenseNet":[242,260],"model":[243],"identical":[245],"testing":[248],"was":[254],"similar":[255],"between":[256],"models":[261],"when":[262],"averaged":[263],"all":[265],"(1.9%":[267],"higher":[268],"vs.":[273],"DenseNet).":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-08-25T00:00:00"}
