{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3133584254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics10010040","title":"A Review of Active Hand Exoskeletons for Rehabilitation and Assistance","display_name":"A Review of Active Hand Exoskeletons for Rehabilitation and Assistance","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3133584254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics10010040","mag":"3133584254"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics10010040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics10010040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/10/1/40/pdf?version=1614771464","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/10/1/40/pdf?version=1614771464","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033624855","display_name":"Tiaan du Plessis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5574-4064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137616099","display_name":"Tshwane University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037mrss42","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tiaan du Plessis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5574-4064","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025672785","display_name":"Karim Djouani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6060-8200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137616099","display_name":"Tshwane University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037mrss42","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karim Djouani","raw_affiliation_strings":["F\u2019SATI, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Staatsartillerie Rd., Pretoria 0183, South Africa","LISSI LAB, University Paris Est-Creteil, Avenue du General de Gaulle, 9400 Creteil, France","F'SATI, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Staatsartillerie Rd., Pretoria 0183, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6060-8200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"F\u2019SATI, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Staatsartillerie Rd., Pretoria 0183, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LISSI LAB, University Paris Est-Creteil, Avenue du General de Gaulle, 9400 Creteil, France","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"F'SATI, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Staatsartillerie Rd., Pretoria 0183, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004058523","display_name":"Christiaan Oosthuizen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2012-6765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137616099","display_name":"Tshwane University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037mrss42","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christiaan Oosthuizen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2012-6765","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033624855"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137616099"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":17.0329,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":207,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99457974,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"40","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exoskeleton","display_name":"Exoskeleton","score":0.9304401874542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rehabilitation","display_name":"Rehabilitation","score":0.5881941914558411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haptic-technology","display_name":"Haptic technology","score":0.5349472761154175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4657291769981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4632358253002167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.434237539768219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.43323808908462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.42532944679260254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.32636892795562744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.13338696956634521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-therapy","display_name":"Physical therapy","score":0.09334540367126465}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146549078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191944","display_name":"Exoskeleton","level":2,"score":0.9304401874542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819478","display_name":"Rehabilitation","level":2,"score":0.5881941914558411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152086174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030571","display_name":"Haptic technology","level":2,"score":0.5349472761154175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4657291769981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4632358253002167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.434237539768219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43323808908462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.42532944679260254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.32636892795562744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.13338696956634521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.09334540367126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics10010040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics10010040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/10/1/40/pdf?version=1614771464","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04333865v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04333865","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922466","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Robotics, 2021, 10 (1), pp.40. &#x27E8;10.3390/robotics10010040&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0cf1f135f10248ee9a8002de32f8839a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0cf1f135f10248ee9a8002de32f8839a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Robotics, Vol 10, Iss 1, p 40 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2218-6581/10/1/40/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/robotics10010040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Robotics; Volume 10; Issue 1; Pages: 40","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/robotics10010040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics10010040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/10/1/40/pdf?version=1614771464","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232487","display_name":"Robotics","issn_l":"2218-6581","issn":["2218-6581"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133584254.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133584254.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":91,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1457940724","https://openalex.org/W1571978122","https://openalex.org/W1964420206","https://openalex.org/W1971915835","https://openalex.org/W1973870864","https://openalex.org/W1975785755","https://openalex.org/W1994380917","https://openalex.org/W2002238231","https://openalex.org/W2002869291","https://openalex.org/W2004536651","https://openalex.org/W2009559538","https://openalex.org/W2024242733","https://openalex.org/W2035753646","https://openalex.org/W2036079969","https://openalex.org/W2043175102","https://openalex.org/W2054628872","https://openalex.org/W2055310310","https://openalex.org/W2062146755","https://openalex.org/W2066586665","https://openalex.org/W2072460553","https://openalex.org/W2077437359","https://openalex.org/W2083373979","https://openalex.org/W2106818390","https://openalex.org/W2111253117","https://openalex.org/W2112281397","https://openalex.org/W2113585314","https://openalex.org/W2120629016","https://openalex.org/W2139049236","https://openalex.org/W2144028337","https://openalex.org/W2148937364","https://openalex.org/W2150115512","https://openalex.org/W2150606742","https://openalex.org/W2157266565","https://openalex.org/W2164870294","https://openalex.org/W2167371819","https://openalex.org/W2169599337","https://openalex.org/W2211217408","https://openalex.org/W2233341905","https://openalex.org/W2282481780","https://openalex.org/W2286463429","https://openalex.org/W2294251513","https://openalex.org/W2294293778","https://openalex.org/W2321833548","https://openalex.org/W2331126762","https://openalex.org/W2342151910","https://openalex.org/W2409339128","https://openalex.org/W2469921421","https://openalex.org/W2473855391","https://openalex.org/W2478420885","https://openalex.org/W2541274299","https://openalex.org/W2563111402","https://openalex.org/W2563321482","https://openalex.org/W2563566136","https://openalex.org/W2592418935","https://openalex.org/W2605492916","https://openalex.org/W2614427258","https://openalex.org/W2730491040","https://openalex.org/W2762463353","https://openalex.org/W2765438681","https://openalex.org/W2767461068","https://openalex.org/W2767734294","https://openalex.org/W2789282724","https://openalex.org/W2791980595","https://openalex.org/W2793156459","https://openalex.org/W2795569981","https://openalex.org/W2799673890","https://openalex.org/W2807695615","https://openalex.org/W2883071241","https://openalex.org/W2897270189","https://openalex.org/W2899339972","https://openalex.org/W2901437861","https://openalex.org/W2912421593","https://openalex.org/W2914309515","https://openalex.org/W2935084327","https://openalex.org/W2948017991","https://openalex.org/W2951382248","https://openalex.org/W2971317079","https://openalex.org/W2979074010","https://openalex.org/W2988003450","https://openalex.org/W2991572079","https://openalex.org/W3024482853","https://openalex.org/W3036156867","https://openalex.org/W3095365257","https://openalex.org/W3101058664","https://openalex.org/W6628545668","https://openalex.org/W6676434310","https://openalex.org/W6688344122","https://openalex.org/W6689873472","https://openalex.org/W6749453298","https://openalex.org/W6756649790","https://openalex.org/W6777332292"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2901258812","https://openalex.org/W2887985348","https://openalex.org/W2401700601","https://openalex.org/W2570835373","https://openalex.org/W3198063775","https://openalex.org/W3017269254","https://openalex.org/W4385473849","https://openalex.org/W4297156670","https://openalex.org/W4285173217","https://openalex.org/W2731583012"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Disabilities":[0],"are":[1,45,58,105,127,165],"a":[2,25,89,100,212,227],"global":[3],"issue":[4],"due":[5,51,129,180],"to":[6,52,60,68,70,87,109,130,153,181],"the":[7,33,103,110,113,131,137,144,149,158,163,182,209,217,220],"decrease":[8],"in":[9,112,148,167,211],"life":[10],"quality":[11],"and":[12,40,57,79,85,125,134,160,187,201,215,231],"mobility":[13],"of":[14,27,136,143,162,172,184,219,222],"patients,":[15],"especially":[16],"people":[17],"suffering":[18],"from":[19],"hand":[20,29,63,140,164,224],"disabilities.":[21],"This":[22,191],"paper":[23,207],"presents":[24],"review":[26],"active":[28,48,223],"exoskeleton":[30,64],"technologies,":[31],"over":[32],"past":[34],"decade,":[35],"for":[36,92],"rehabilitation,":[37,123],"assistance,":[38],"augmentation,":[39],"haptic":[41],"devices.":[42,95,233],"Hand":[43],"exoskeletons":[44,225],"still":[46,99],"an":[47,177],"research":[49],"field":[50],"challenges":[53],"that":[54],"engineers":[55],"face":[56],"trying":[59],"solve.":[61],"Each":[62],"has":[65],"certain":[66,155],"requirements":[67,75,104],"fulfil":[69],"achieve":[71],"their":[72],"aims.":[73],"These":[74],"have":[76],"been":[77],"extracted":[78],"categorized":[80],"into":[81],"two":[82],"sections:":[83],"general":[84],"specific,":[86],"give":[88],"common":[90],"platform":[91],"developing":[93,101],"future":[94],"Since":[96],"this":[97,168,206],"is":[98,141,175],"area,":[102],"also":[106,176],"shaped":[107],"according":[108],"advances":[111],"field.":[114],"Technical":[115],"challenges,":[116],"such":[117],"as":[118],"size":[119],"requirements,":[120],"weight,":[121],"ergonomics,":[122],"actuators,":[124],"sensors":[126],"all":[128],"complex":[132,146],"anatomy":[133,159],"biomechanics":[135,161],"hand.":[138],"The":[139,170],"one":[142],"most":[145],"structures":[147],"human":[150],"body;":[151],"therefore,":[152],"understand":[154],"design":[156],"approaches,":[157],"addressed":[166],"paper.":[169],"control":[171],"these":[173],"devices":[174],"arising":[178],"challenge":[179],"implementation":[183],"intelligent":[185],"systems":[186],"new":[188],"rehabilitation":[189,230],"techniques.":[190],"includes":[192],"intention":[193],"detection":[194],"techniques":[195],"(electroencephalography":[196],"(EEG),":[197],"electromyography":[198],"(EMG),":[199],"admittance)":[200],"estimating":[202],"applied":[203],"assistance.":[204],"Therefore,":[205],"summarizes":[208],"technology":[210],"systematic":[213],"approach":[214],"reviews":[216],"state":[218],"art":[221],"with":[226],"focus":[228],"on":[229],"assistive":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2026-04-27T08:22:11.395708","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
