{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411673494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030031","title":"The Measurement of Innovation: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Global Innovation Index Research","display_name":"The Measurement of Innovation: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Global Innovation Index Research","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411673494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030031"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/publications13030031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/13/3/31/pdf?version=1750940783","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738007992","display_name":"Publications","issn_l":"2304-6775","issn":["2304-6775"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Publications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/13/3/31/pdf?version=1750940783","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067061181","display_name":"Marcelo Pereira Duarte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3754-8147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marcelo Pereira Duarte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Business and Economics Research CeBER, Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Business and Economics Research CeBER, Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041750031","display_name":"Fernando Carvalho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-3790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernando Manuel Pereira de Oliveira Carvalho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Business and Economics Research CeBER, Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Business and Economics Research CeBER, Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067061181"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":6.3201,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95908088,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"31","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12722","display_name":"Innovation Policy and R&D","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9671000242233276,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.7015062570571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bibliometrics","display_name":"Bibliometrics","score":0.5344727635383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-science","display_name":"Regional science","score":0.46773868799209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3435608744621277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2382080852985382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/library-science","display_name":"Library science","score":0.20222815871238708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.17162692546844482}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.7015062570571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178315738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603441","display_name":"Bibliometrics","level":2,"score":0.5344727635383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.46773868799209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3435608744621277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2382080852985382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.20222815871238708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.17162692546844482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/publications13030031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/13/3/31/pdf?version=1750940783","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738007992","display_name":"Publications","issn_l":"2304-6775","issn":["2304-6775"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Publications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0808afa4817e4f649435f468647d0184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0808afa4817e4f649435f468647d0184","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Publications, Vol 13, Iss 3, p 31 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:estudogeral.uc.pt:10316/119544","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10316/119544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402070","display_name":"Estudo Geral (Universidad de Coimbra)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","host_organization_name":"University of Coimbra","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/publications13030031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/13/3/31/pdf?version=1750940783","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738007992","display_name":"Publications","issn_l":"2304-6775","issn":["2304-6775"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Publications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1415154430","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UI/BD/150977/2021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2848195338","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/05037/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3272457656","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3351932820","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.54499/UIDB/05037/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4149320474","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411673494.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411673494.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":141,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W619258110","https://openalex.org/W1451178956","https://openalex.org/W1574363380","https://openalex.org/W1713937778","https://openalex.org/W1847365027","https://openalex.org/W1860848699","https://openalex.org/W1966538856","https://openalex.org/W1970859146","https://openalex.org/W1982098053","https://openalex.org/W1988055062","https://openalex.org/W1992279898","https://openalex.org/W1998393081","https://openalex.org/W2005207065","https://openalex.org/W2010880486","https://openalex.org/W2017680781","https://openalex.org/W2020569377","https://openalex.org/W2024149354","https://openalex.org/W2031518390","https://openalex.org/W2036000993","https://openalex.org/W2036800839","https://openalex.org/W2050004023","https://openalex.org/W2060560908","https://openalex.org/W2060772697","https://openalex.org/W2070631858","https://openalex.org/W2076465149","https://openalex.org/W2091957194","https://openalex.org/W2092709505","https://openalex.org/W2106467926","https://openalex.org/W2131681506","https://openalex.org/W2133535394","https://openalex.org/W2152068268","https://openalex.org/W2162484441","https://openalex.org/W2168605160","https://openalex.org/W2169049218","https://openalex.org/W2178471959","https://openalex.org/W2192093822","https://openalex.org/W2258863730","https://openalex.org/W2319481717","https://openalex.org/W2339105867","https://openalex.org/W2399064702","https://openalex.org/W2407144841","https://openalex.org/W2499695515","https://openalex.org/W2518710895","https://openalex.org/W2602559533","https://openalex.org/W2606687761","https://openalex.org/W2626418517","https://openalex.org/W2755950973","https://openalex.org/W2756477761","https://openalex.org/W2789881158","https://openalex.org/W2791283947","https://openalex.org/W2793631220","https://openalex.org/W2815696712","https://openalex.org/W2891684135","https://openalex.org/W2897371155","https://openalex.org/W2898279002","https://openalex.org/W2898442387","https://openalex.org/W2908428141","https://openalex.org/W2913843376","https://openalex.org/W2953145841","https://openalex.org/W2975578244","https://openalex.org/W2977083636","https://openalex.org/W2988480771","https://openalex.org/W2995900313","https://openalex.org/W2999511353","https://openalex.org/W3007139796","https://openalex.org/W3008231817","https://openalex.org/W3011503378","https://openalex.org/W3018029737","https://openalex.org/W3094131736","https://openalex.org/W3097763105","https://openalex.org/W3099768174","https://openalex.org/W3117452738","https://openalex.org/W3118192281","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3119338804","https://openalex.org/W3120589929","https://openalex.org/W3123659395","https://openalex.org/W3124380383","https://openalex.org/W3124585409","https://openalex.org/W3125883168","https://openalex.org/W3127189904","https://openalex.org/W3127802799","https://openalex.org/W3128415798","https://openalex.org/W3129269126","https://openalex.org/W3135554612","https://openalex.org/W3140968591","https://openalex.org/W3163350465","https://openalex.org/W3164086031","https://openalex.org/W3169832143","https://openalex.org/W3171233227","https://openalex.org/W3179078758","https://openalex.org/W3185521898","https://openalex.org/W3186251968","https://openalex.org/W3190092153","https://openalex.org/W3195420166","https://openalex.org/W3201946922","https://openalex.org/W3214648966","https://openalex.org/W3216832407","https://openalex.org/W4200340354","https://openalex.org/W4205155852","https://openalex.org/W4206368620","https://openalex.org/W4220734208","https://openalex.org/W4221029450","https://openalex.org/W4223616254","https://openalex.org/W4224274442","https://openalex.org/W4252560539","https://openalex.org/W4255497883","https://openalex.org/W4280545114","https://openalex.org/W4281558150","https://openalex.org/W4282827162","https://openalex.org/W4283763631","https://openalex.org/W4283828148","https://openalex.org/W4285130294","https://openalex.org/W4288474801","https://openalex.org/W4296250396","https://openalex.org/W4296534330","https://openalex.org/W4296831481","https://openalex.org/W4297415153","https://openalex.org/W4309308058","https://openalex.org/W4309592103","https://openalex.org/W4311775308","https://openalex.org/W4312055167","https://openalex.org/W4318069471","https://openalex.org/W4319158365","https://openalex.org/W4320036418","https://openalex.org/W4323268363","https://openalex.org/W4366254582","https://openalex.org/W4366827598","https://openalex.org/W4378175007","https://openalex.org/W4382727995","https://openalex.org/W4382865083","https://openalex.org/W4383377139","https://openalex.org/W4388189011","https://openalex.org/W4388232309","https://openalex.org/W4390704560","https://openalex.org/W4392109487","https://openalex.org/W4400136007","https://openalex.org/W6684814046","https://openalex.org/W6755683209","https://openalex.org/W6798019973","https://openalex.org/W6810087429"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4386031268","https://openalex.org/W2125982917","https://openalex.org/W2294191624","https://openalex.org/W2885845152","https://openalex.org/W2264078859","https://openalex.org/W3181833980","https://openalex.org/W2289475868"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,85],"purpose":[1],"of":[2,24,46,57,70,95,122,136,144,150,173],"this":[3,65,171],"review":[4,69],"is":[5],"to":[6,28,52,76,127,132,160,168],"synthesise":[7],"the":[8,22,31,37,43,54,61,79,88,116,134,141,147,151],"accumulated":[9],"knowledge":[10],"on":[11,146],"Global":[12],"Innovation":[13,137],"Index":[14],"(GII)":[15],"research.":[16,129],"We":[17,130],"utilised":[18],"a":[19],"corpus":[20],"from":[21,87],"Web":[23],"Science":[25],"Core":[26],"Collection":[27],"systematically":[29],"examine":[30],"antecedents,":[32],"consequences,":[33],"and":[34,49,60,104,108,113,159],"relationships":[35,81],"among":[36,82],"GII\u2019s":[38],"dimensions.":[39,84],"Additionally,":[40],"we":[41],"employed":[42],"bibliometric":[44],"techniques":[45],"bibliographic":[47,89],"coupling":[48,90],"co-citation":[50,117],"analysis":[51,118],"identify":[53],"leading":[55],"areas":[56],"GII":[58,71,98,128],"research":[59,73,145,166],"foundational":[62],"literature":[63,123],"in":[64,97],"field.":[66],"Our":[67],"systematic":[68],"empirical":[72],"allowed":[74],"us":[75],"graphically":[77],"represent":[78],"significant":[80],"its":[83],"findings":[86],"revealed":[91],"five":[92],"recent":[93],"lines":[94],"investigation":[96],"research:":[99],"configurational":[100],"methods;":[101],"innovation":[102,111,157],"efficiency":[103],"policy;":[105],"competitiveness,":[106],"entrepreneurship,":[107],"sustainable":[109],"development;":[110],"rankings;":[112],"culture.":[114],"Furthermore,":[115],"highlighted":[119],"four":[120],"clusters":[121],"that":[124],"have":[125],"contributed":[126],"aim":[131],"enhance":[133],"field":[135],"Studies":[138],"by":[139],"showcasing":[140],"current":[142],"state":[143],"GII,":[148],"one":[149],"most":[152],"promising":[153],"tools":[154],"for":[155],"measuring":[156],"activity,":[158],"provide":[161],"insights":[162],"into":[163],"potential":[164],"future":[165],"avenues":[167],"further":[169],"develop":[170],"area":[172],"study.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}