{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415871585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/network5040050","title":"A Two-Phase Genetic Algorithm Approach for Sleep Scheduling, Routing, and Clustering in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks","display_name":"A Two-Phase Genetic Algorithm Approach for Sleep Scheduling, Routing, and Clustering in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415871585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/network5040050"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/network5040050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/network5040050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8732/5/4/50/pdf?version=1762247631","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214347","display_name":"Network","issn_l":"2673-8732","issn":["2673-8732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8732/5/4/50/pdf?version=1762247631","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sarah Abdulelah Abbas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41832843","display_name":"University of Tabriz","ror":"https://ror.org/01papkj44","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41832843"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Abdulelah Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41832843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067813745","display_name":"Leili Farzinvash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2369-9833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41832843","display_name":"University of Tabriz","ror":"https://ror.org/01papkj44","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41832843"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leili Farzinvash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2369-9833","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41832843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012671504","display_name":"\u202aMina Zolfy Lighvan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4555-597X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41832843","display_name":"University of Tabriz","ror":"https://ror.org/01papkj44","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41832843"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mina Zolfy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4555-597X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41832843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067813745"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41832843"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1082},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1082},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34402629,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"4","first_page":"50","last_page":"50"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.942300021648407,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.942300021648407,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.006800000090152025,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.0066999997943639755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.7631000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.7466999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6640999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.48539999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.4672999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.46459999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.42289999127388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.7631000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.7466999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.739300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6640999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.48539999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4672999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.46459999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3928000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.3465999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82578977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16773055","display_name":"Data aggregator","level":3,"score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57149124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q587346","display_name":"Sleep mode","level":4,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41971633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398155","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","level":4,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/network5040050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/network5040050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8732/5/4/50/pdf?version=1762247631","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214347","display_name":"Network","issn_l":"2673-8732","issn":["2673-8732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c8830beb60eb4e7885fbe849d76b267e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c8830beb60eb4e7885fbe849d76b267e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Network, Vol 5, Iss 4, p 50 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/network5040050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/network5040050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8732/5/4/50/pdf?version=1762247631","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214347","display_name":"Network","issn_l":"2673-8732","issn":["2673-8732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415871585.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415871585.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030178157","https://openalex.org/W2043557304","https://openalex.org/W2104846640","https://openalex.org/W2128603408","https://openalex.org/W2316144673","https://openalex.org/W2469942879","https://openalex.org/W2894622363","https://openalex.org/W3023584911","https://openalex.org/W3081831532","https://openalex.org/W4309487558","https://openalex.org/W4322706610","https://openalex.org/W4360980468","https://openalex.org/W4366608944","https://openalex.org/W4383228285","https://openalex.org/W4386398576","https://openalex.org/W4388202526","https://openalex.org/W4389513641","https://openalex.org/W4391092968","https://openalex.org/W4391538193","https://openalex.org/W4391743772","https://openalex.org/W4391784990","https://openalex.org/W4391855322","https://openalex.org/W4391928303","https://openalex.org/W4392454445","https://openalex.org/W4392976453","https://openalex.org/W4392979953","https://openalex.org/W4399302831","https://openalex.org/W4401713855","https://openalex.org/W4402053002","https://openalex.org/W4404520594","https://openalex.org/W4405574487","https://openalex.org/W4406178070","https://openalex.org/W4408027968","https://openalex.org/W4409623169","https://openalex.org/W4410717011","https://openalex.org/W4414520600","https://openalex.org/W7083318284"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heterogeneous":[0],"wireless":[1],"sensor":[2],"networks":[3],"(HWSNs),":[4],"comprising":[5],"super":[6,130],"nodes":[7,131],"and":[8,36,54,86,99,102,125,147,154,178,184,187],"normal":[9,105],"sensors,":[10],"offer":[11],"a":[12,75],"promising":[13],"solution":[14],"for":[15],"monitoring":[16],"diverse":[17],"environments.":[18],"However,":[19],"their":[20],"deployment":[21],"is":[22,116],"constrained":[23],"by":[24,108,182,191],"the":[25,109,114,122,126,136,141,158,196],"limited":[26],"battery":[27],"life":[28],"of":[29,104,111,128,143],"sensors.":[30],"To":[31],"address":[32],"this":[33],"issue,":[34],"clustering":[35,87,103],"routing":[37],"techniques":[38,67],"have":[39],"been":[40],"employed":[41],"to":[42,62,81,195],"conserve":[43],"energy.":[44],"Nevertheless,":[45],"existing":[46],"approaches":[47],"often":[48],"struggle":[49],"with":[50],"suboptimal":[51],"energy":[52,65,145,176],"distribution":[53],"weak":[55],"network":[56,148,152,163,180,189],"coverage.":[57],"Additionally,":[58],"they":[59],"mostly":[60],"failed":[61],"exploit":[63],"other":[64],"saving":[66],"such":[68],"as":[69],"sleep":[70,83,97],"scheduling.":[71],"This":[72,138],"paper":[73],"proposes":[74],"novel":[76],"genetic":[77],"algorithm":[78,174],"(GA)-based":[79],"approach":[80,139],"optimize":[82],"scheduling,":[84],"routing,":[85],"in":[88,121,132,157],"HWSNs.":[89],"The":[90],"method":[91],"comprises":[92],"two":[93],"phases,":[94],"namely":[95],"join":[96],"scheduling":[98],"tree":[100],"construction,":[101],"nodes.":[106],"Inspired":[107],"concept":[110],"unequal":[112],"clustering,":[113],"HWSN":[115],"split":[117],"into":[118],"some":[119],"rings":[120],"first":[123],"phase,":[124],"number":[127],"awake":[129],"each":[133],"ring":[134],"keeps":[135],"same.":[137],"addresses":[140],"challenges":[142],"balancing":[144],"consumption":[146,177],"lifetime.":[149],"Furthermore,":[150],"including":[151],"coverage":[153,181],"energy-related":[155],"criteria":[156],"proposed":[159],"GA":[160],"yields":[161],"long-lasting":[162],"operation.":[164],"Through":[165],"rigorous":[166],"simulations,":[167],"we":[168],"demonstrate":[169],"that,":[170],"on":[171],"average,":[172],"our":[173],"reduces":[175],"improves":[179],"23%":[183],"21.9%,":[185],"respectively,":[186],"extends":[188],"lifetime":[190],"501":[192],"rounds,":[193],"compared":[194],"state-of-the-art":[197],"methods.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-11-04T00:00:00"}