{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406146760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti9010003","title":"A Comprehensive Review of Dropout Prediction Methods Based on Multivariate Analysed Features of MOOC Platforms","display_name":"A Comprehensive Review of Dropout Prediction Methods Based on Multivariate Analysed Features of MOOC Platforms","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406146760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti9010003"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti9010003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti9010003","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/9/1/3/pdf?version=1736250247","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/9/1/3/pdf?version=1736250247","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039363260","display_name":"Saad Alghamdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5531-738X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saad Alghamdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5531-738X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076296279","display_name":"Ben Soh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9519-886X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ben Soh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9519-886X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101645234","display_name":"Alice Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9034-6774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alice Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["La Trobe Business School, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"La Trobe Business School, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076296279"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":22.2153,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99191547,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"3","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9587000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dropout","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","score":0.8609746098518372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8214337825775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7316089272499084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.7096903324127197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6788768768310547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.6058700680732727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5949737429618835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5926502346992493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4547939896583557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","score":0.41853514313697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-modelling","display_name":"Predictive modelling","score":0.4125320315361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.35783636569976807}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339462","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","level":2,"score":0.8609746098518372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8214337825775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7316089272499084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7096903324127197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6788768768310547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.6058700680732727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5949737429618835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5926502346992493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4547939896583557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.41853514313697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.4125320315361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.35783636569976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti9010003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti9010003","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/9/1/3/pdf?version=1736250247","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:59942fec320548c39bf0664865ee1869","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/59942fec320548c39bf0664865ee1869","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, Vol 9, Iss 1, p 3 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti9010003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti9010003","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/9/1/3/pdf?version=1736250247","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406146760.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406146760.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":121,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2218710975","https://openalex.org/W2751182532","https://openalex.org/W2754427584","https://openalex.org/W2758852511","https://openalex.org/W2791021147","https://openalex.org/W2804302410","https://openalex.org/W2884834684","https://openalex.org/W2897614747","https://openalex.org/W2900539242","https://openalex.org/W2921292367","https://openalex.org/W2922280987","https://openalex.org/W2936400010","https://openalex.org/W2954124294","https://openalex.org/W2966808979","https://openalex.org/W2980891379","https://openalex.org/W2993816378","https://openalex.org/W2994192975","https://openalex.org/W3010829284","https://openalex.org/W3038433657","https://openalex.org/W3044356418","https://openalex.org/W3045675610","https://openalex.org/W3048632235","https://openalex.org/W3086619362","https://openalex.org/W3089876934","https://openalex.org/W3093506199","https://openalex.org/W3096178292","https://openalex.org/W3111056695","https://openalex.org/W3115122923","https://openalex.org/W3119046022","https://openalex.org/W3123809919","https://openalex.org/W3125235395","https://openalex.org/W3133956474","https://openalex.org/W3141368823","https://openalex.org/W3154719182","https://openalex.org/W3175302149","https://openalex.org/W3181096080","https://openalex.org/W3182238897","https://openalex.org/W3199101385","https://openalex.org/W3203800336","https://openalex.org/W3204653574","https://openalex.org/W3213316413","https://openalex.org/W4200227670","https://openalex.org/W4206014989","https://openalex.org/W4206069377","https://openalex.org/W4210832972","https://openalex.org/W4214821456","https://openalex.org/W4214887250","https://openalex.org/W4225143721","https://openalex.org/W4229068767","https://openalex.org/W4231217514","https://openalex.org/W4280592718","https://openalex.org/W4280629584","https://openalex.org/W4285196632","https://openalex.org/W4285297194","https://openalex.org/W4285723389","https://openalex.org/W4293320576","https://openalex.org/W4295953996","https://openalex.org/W4296743374","https://openalex.org/W4296840399","https://openalex.org/W4308096262","https://openalex.org/W4308329927","https://openalex.org/W4308630743","https://openalex.org/W4312214343","https://openalex.org/W4312564595","https://openalex.org/W4312924757","https://openalex.org/W4315853177","https://openalex.org/W4317243056","https://openalex.org/W4320918634","https://openalex.org/W4322500535","https://openalex.org/W4322630064","https://openalex.org/W4362698458","https://openalex.org/W4364378241","https://openalex.org/W4378715220","https://openalex.org/W4379056260","https://openalex.org/W4379781129","https://openalex.org/W4381511804","https://openalex.org/W4384949385","https://openalex.org/W4385428963","https://openalex.org/W4385488727","https://openalex.org/W4385777586","https://openalex.org/W4386329378","https://openalex.org/W4386432240","https://openalex.org/W4386629044","https://openalex.org/W4386702469","https://openalex.org/W4386962773","https://openalex.org/W4387105543","https://openalex.org/W4387187592","https://openalex.org/W4387490381","https://openalex.org/W4387937679","https://openalex.org/W4389365236","https://openalex.org/W4389917715","https://openalex.org/W4390501223","https://openalex.org/W4390589631","https://openalex.org/W4391533517","https://openalex.org/W4392238416","https://openalex.org/W4392660779","https://openalex.org/W4392811402","https://openalex.org/W4392904200","https://openalex.org/W4395483945","https://openalex.org/W4396518463","https://openalex.org/W4396558738","https://openalex.org/W4399310676","https://openalex.org/W4399568863","https://openalex.org/W4399740515","https://openalex.org/W4400227494","https://openalex.org/W4400927081","https://openalex.org/W4401812679","https://openalex.org/W4401870906","https://openalex.org/W4402461112","https://openalex.org/W4402695092","https://openalex.org/W4402736326","https://openalex.org/W4405611153","https://openalex.org/W6756969638","https://openalex.org/W6771128107","https://openalex.org/W6783392629","https://openalex.org/W6790974756","https://openalex.org/W6843243635","https://openalex.org/W6848579551","https://openalex.org/W6850474898","https://openalex.org/W6866211111","https://openalex.org/W6872378530"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W2963326959","https://openalex.org/W4388685194","https://openalex.org/W4394010018","https://openalex.org/W2083862258"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Massive":[0],"open":[1],"online":[2],"courses":[3],"have":[4],"revolutionised":[5],"the":[6,42,83,118,123,135],"learning":[7,47,155],"environment,":[8],"but":[9],"their":[10,111],"effectiveness":[11],"is":[12],"undermined":[13],"by":[14],"low":[15],"completion":[16,152],"rates.":[17],"Traditional":[18],"dropout":[19,58,106],"prediction":[20,59,107],"models":[21,35,60,66,139],"in":[22,50,128],"MOOCs":[23,57,105],"often":[24],"overlook":[25],"complex":[26],"factors":[27],"like":[28],"temporal":[29],"dependencies":[30],"and":[31,53,77,94,113,122,146,157],"context-specific":[32],"variables.":[33],"These":[34],"are":[36],"not":[37],"adaptive":[38],"enough":[39],"to":[40,149],"manage":[41],"dynamic":[43],"nature":[44],"of":[45,85,103,137],"MOOC":[46,120],"environments,":[48],"resulting":[49],"inaccurate":[51],"predictions":[52],"ineffective":[54],"interventions.":[55],"Accordingly,":[56],"require":[61],"more":[62,90],"sophisticated":[63],"artificial":[64],"intelligence":[65],"that":[67],"can":[68,81],"address":[69],"these":[70,86],"limitations.":[71],"Moreover,":[72],"incorporating":[73],"feature":[74],"selection":[75],"methods":[76],"explainable":[78],"AI":[79],"techniques":[80],"enhance":[82],"interpretability":[84],"models,":[87],"making":[88],"them":[89],"actionable":[91],"for":[92,125],"educators":[93],"course":[95,151],"designers.":[96],"This":[97,131],"paper":[98],"provides":[99],"a":[100],"comprehensive":[101],"review":[102,132],"various":[104],"methodologies,":[108],"focusing":[109],"on":[110,141],"strategies":[112],"research":[114],"gaps.":[115],"It":[116],"highlights":[117],"growing":[119],"environment":[121],"potential":[124],"technology-driven":[126],"gains":[127],"outcome":[129],"accuracy.":[130],"also":[133],"discusses":[134],"use":[136],"advanced":[138],"based":[140],"machine":[142],"learning,":[143,145],"deep":[144],"meta-heuristics":[147],"approaches":[148],"improve":[150],"rates,":[153],"optimise":[154],"outcomes,":[156],"provide":[158],"personalised":[159],"educational":[160],"experiences.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}