{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381492689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti7050053","title":"Sharing the Sidewalk: Observing Delivery Robot Interactions with Pedestrians during a Pilot in Pittsburgh, PA","display_name":"Sharing the Sidewalk: Observing Delivery Robot Interactions with Pedestrians during a Pilot in Pittsburgh, PA","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381492689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti7050053"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti7050053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti7050053","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/7/5/53/pdf?version=1684318321","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/7/5/53/pdf?version=1684318321","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026211291","display_name":"David A. Weinberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Weinberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Innovation Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Innovation Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114060035","display_name":"Healy Dwyer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Healy Dwyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038768773","display_name":"Sarah Fox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7888-2598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah E. Fox","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7888-2598","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075763217","display_name":"Nikolas Martelaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1824-0243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nikolas Martelaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1824-0243","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075763217"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":13.2833,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99298467,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"5","first_page":"53","last_page":"53"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11214","display_name":"Human-Animal Interaction Studies","score":0.9830999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9607999920845032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.8636150360107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5072314739227295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4834178686141968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.4330231249332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4248631000518799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.33999645709991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3224753737449646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29047468304634094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.8636150360107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5072314739227295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4834178686141968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.4330231249332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4248631000518799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.33999645709991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3224753737449646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29047468304634094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti7050053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti7050053","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/7/5/53/pdf?version=1684318321","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e988ab610a6845eea9b800627e6cf841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e988ab610a6845eea9b800627e6cf841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, Vol 7, Iss 5, p 53 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2414-4088/7/5/53/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti7050053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction; Volume 7; Issue 5; Pages: 53","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti7050053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti7050053","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/7/5/53/pdf?version=1684318321","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4029567206","display_name":"SCC-PG: Equitable new mobility: Community-driven mechanisms for designing and evaluating personal delivery device deployments","funder_award_id":"2125350","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4381492689.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2041547032","https://openalex.org/W2059993653","https://openalex.org/W2066622421","https://openalex.org/W2142471419","https://openalex.org/W2496896894","https://openalex.org/W2886638267","https://openalex.org/W2892027510","https://openalex.org/W2899644740","https://openalex.org/W2900196742","https://openalex.org/W2914263495","https://openalex.org/W2938352754","https://openalex.org/W2945031664","https://openalex.org/W3010574012","https://openalex.org/W3086662170","https://openalex.org/W3094137396","https://openalex.org/W3097592892","https://openalex.org/W3101056993","https://openalex.org/W3102097237","https://openalex.org/W3134000433","https://openalex.org/W3140646774","https://openalex.org/W3141956903","https://openalex.org/W3148967004","https://openalex.org/W3150522209","https://openalex.org/W3162654319","https://openalex.org/W3165324101","https://openalex.org/W3175566512","https://openalex.org/W3195603246","https://openalex.org/W3204260614","https://openalex.org/W4206561778","https://openalex.org/W4211070925","https://openalex.org/W4244859110","https://openalex.org/W4285117889","https://openalex.org/W4298128168","https://openalex.org/W4312852791","https://openalex.org/W4312920389","https://openalex.org/W4323268441","https://openalex.org/W6775171040","https://openalex.org/W6850504841","https://openalex.org/W7062117313"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392100589","https://openalex.org/W2512789322","https://openalex.org/W3122828758","https://openalex.org/W2101960027","https://openalex.org/W566791342","https://openalex.org/W3136214354","https://openalex.org/W3172487415","https://openalex.org/W608736979","https://openalex.org/W631954924","https://openalex.org/W2148933895"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sidewalk":[0],"delivery":[1,64,101],"robots":[2,15,37,48,65,102,119,130,156,181],"are":[3],"being":[4],"deployed":[5,18],"as":[6,172,174],"a":[7,60,165],"form":[8],"of":[9,36,56,62,96,106,167],"last-mile":[10],"delivery.":[11],"While":[12],"many":[13],"such":[14],"have":[16,23,31],"been":[17,24,32],"on":[19,26,160],"college":[20],"campuses,":[21],"fewer":[22],"piloted":[25],"public":[27,52,108,183],"sidewalks.":[28],"Furthermore,":[29],"there":[30],"few":[33],"observational":[34],"studies":[35],"and":[38,70,88,97,125,133,141,148],"their":[39,123],"interactions":[40],"with":[41,78,99,114,135],"pedestrians.":[42],"To":[43],"better":[44],"understand":[45,67,92],"how":[46,93],"sidewalk":[47,63,100,137],"might":[49],"integrate":[50],"into":[51],"spaces,":[53],"the":[54,71,81,104,107,118,129,155],"City":[55],"Pittsburgh,":[57],"Pennsylvania":[58],"conducted":[59,85],"pilot":[61],"to":[66,91,176],"possible":[68],"uses":[69],"challenges":[72],"that":[73,112,154],"could":[74],"arise":[75],"in":[76,80,182],"interacting":[77],"people":[79,113,144],"city.":[82],"Our":[83],"team":[84],"ethnographic":[86],"observations":[87],"intercept":[89],"interviews":[90],"residents":[94],"perceived":[95],"interacted":[98],"over":[103],"course":[105],"pilot.":[109],"We":[110,127],"found":[111],"limited":[115],"knowledge":[116],"about":[117,122,150],"crafted":[120],"stories":[121],"purpose":[124],"function.":[126],"observed":[128],"causing":[131],"distractions":[132],"obstructions":[134],"different":[136],"users":[138],"(including":[139],"children":[140],"dogs),":[142],"witnessed":[143],"helping":[145],"immobilized":[146],"robots,":[147],"learned":[149],"potential":[151],"accessibility":[152],"issues":[153],"may":[157],"pose.":[158],"Based":[159],"our":[161],"findings,":[162],"we":[163],"contribute":[164],"set":[166],"recommendations":[168],"for":[169,180],"future":[170,178],"pilots,":[171],"well":[173],"questions":[175],"guide":[177],"design":[179],"spaces.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-08T07:41:36.138363","created_date":"2023-06-22T00:00:00"}
