{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285731110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti6070058","title":"The Appraisal Principle in Multimedia Learning: Impact of Appraisal Processes, Modality, and Codality","display_name":"The Appraisal Principle in Multimedia Learning: Impact of Appraisal Processes, Modality, and Codality","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285731110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti6070058"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti6070058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti6070058","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/6/7/58/pdf?version=1658141851","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/6/7/58/pdf?version=1658141851","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083118125","display_name":"Joerg Zumbach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5077-0623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joerg Zumbach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Science, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34 A-5020, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Science, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34 A-5020, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053551247","display_name":"Ines Zeitlhofer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3735-5514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ines Zeitlhofer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Science, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34 A-5020, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Science, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34 A-5020, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054603222","display_name":"Bettina Mann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bettina Mann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Science, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34 A-5020, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Science, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34 A-5020, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015350262","display_name":"Sandra Hoermann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandra Hoermann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Science, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34 A-5020, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Science, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34 A-5020, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046177848","display_name":"Birgit Reisenhofer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Birgit Reisenhofer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Science, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34 A-5020, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Science, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34 A-5020, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083118125"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.3559,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60657908,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"7","first_page":"58","last_page":"58"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12887","display_name":"Educational Strategies and Epistemologies","score":0.9484999775886536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12593","display_name":"Communication in Education and Healthcare","score":0.9409000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.8307818174362183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attribution","display_name":"Attribution","score":0.7107841968536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animation","display_name":"Animation","score":0.5480369329452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.5422033667564392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5317177772521973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.46739041805267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43299949169158936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.2581474781036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.2282240092754364}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.8307818174362183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143299363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900584","display_name":"Attribution","level":2,"score":0.7107841968536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502989409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11425","display_name":"Animation","level":2,"score":0.5480369329452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5422033667564392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5317177772521973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.46739041805267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43299949169158936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2581474781036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2282240092754364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti6070058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti6070058","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/6/7/58/pdf?version=1658141851","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e8cd6ab9da5c4bca80f65d28331cfee2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e8cd6ab9da5c4bca80f65d28331cfee2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, Vol 6, Iss 7, p 58 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2414-4088/6/7/58/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti6070058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction; Volume 6; Issue 7; Pages: 58","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti6070058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti6070058","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/6/7/58/pdf?version=1658141851","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285731110.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285731110.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484207701","https://openalex.org/W1486999989","https://openalex.org/W1593360544","https://openalex.org/W1980877068","https://openalex.org/W1982739778","https://openalex.org/W1994102338","https://openalex.org/W1999944951","https://openalex.org/W2001775020","https://openalex.org/W2009228691","https://openalex.org/W2011458368","https://openalex.org/W2012460397","https://openalex.org/W2040127838","https://openalex.org/W2047779227","https://openalex.org/W2063241632","https://openalex.org/W2073679939","https://openalex.org/W2074791822","https://openalex.org/W2096707172","https://openalex.org/W2100254477","https://openalex.org/W2108309120","https://openalex.org/W2136090849","https://openalex.org/W2171595179","https://openalex.org/W2780387946","https://openalex.org/W2794397770","https://openalex.org/W2794820140","https://openalex.org/W2807149783","https://openalex.org/W2810887177","https://openalex.org/W2850678620","https://openalex.org/W2903025048","https://openalex.org/W2907819234","https://openalex.org/W2965380866","https://openalex.org/W3003162863","https://openalex.org/W3015082896","https://openalex.org/W3023552869","https://openalex.org/W3086939044","https://openalex.org/W3113640069","https://openalex.org/W3118120275","https://openalex.org/W3133964743","https://openalex.org/W3210645082","https://openalex.org/W4220917040","https://openalex.org/W4241819366","https://openalex.org/W4247487452","https://openalex.org/W6625405891","https://openalex.org/W6629110369","https://openalex.org/W6787668830","https://openalex.org/W6809508955"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2035546108","https://openalex.org/W2376361520","https://openalex.org/W2133328864","https://openalex.org/W2093949997","https://openalex.org/W2570200690","https://openalex.org/W2389726244","https://openalex.org/W3030478661","https://openalex.org/W2103375294","https://openalex.org/W1823321090","https://openalex.org/W2378792725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"two":[3],"experiments":[4],"examining":[5],"the":[6,40,46,73,77,111,152],"influences":[7],"of":[8,23,43,49,160],"media-specific":[9],"appraisal":[10,96,108],"and":[11,33,64,97,135],"attribution":[12,98],"on":[13],"multimedia":[14],"learning.":[15],"The":[16],"first":[17,78],"experiment":[18],"compares":[19],"four":[20],"different":[21],"versions":[22],"learning":[24,65,114,131],"material":[25],"(text,":[26],"text":[27],"with":[28,31,35,115],"images,":[29],"animation":[30,34],"text,":[32],"audio).":[36],"Results":[37],"reveal":[38],"that":[39,113,151],"attributed":[41],"type":[42],"appraisal,":[44],"(i.e.,":[45],"subjective":[47],"impression":[48],"whether":[50],"a":[51,87,116],"medium":[52,118],"is":[53,119],"easy":[54],"or":[55],"difficult":[56],"to":[57,83,94,110,140,144],"learn":[58],"with)":[59],"impacts":[60],"invested":[61,126],"mental":[62,122],"effort":[63,123],"outcomes.":[66],"Though":[67],"there":[68],"was":[69],"no":[70],"evidence":[71],"for":[72],"modality":[74,153],"effect":[75,154],"in":[76,86,103,127,167],"experiment,":[79],"we":[80],"were":[81,91],"able":[82,93],"identify":[84],"it":[85],"second":[88],"study.":[89],"We":[90],"also":[92,149],"replicate":[95],"findings":[99],"from":[100],"study":[101,104],"1":[102],"2:":[105],"if":[106],"media":[107],"leads":[109],"result":[112],"specific":[117],"difficult,":[120],"more":[121,138],"will":[124],"be":[125,156],"information":[128,165],"processing.":[129],"Consequently,":[130],"outcomes":[132],"are":[133,137],"better,":[134],"learners":[136],"likely":[139],"attribute":[141],"knowledge":[142],"acquisition":[143],"their":[145],"own":[146],"abilities.":[147],"Outcomes":[148],"indicate":[150],"can":[155],"explained":[157],"by":[158],"avoidance":[159],"split-attention":[161],"rather":[162],"than":[163],"modality-specific":[164],"processing":[166],"working":[168],"memory.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-27T08:26:11.824852","created_date":"2022-07-18T00:00:00"}