{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206705974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti6010006","title":"Trade-Off between Task Accuracy, Task Completion Time and Naturalness for Direct Object Manipulation in Virtual Reality","display_name":"Trade-Off between Task Accuracy, Task Completion Time and Naturalness for Direct Object Manipulation in Virtual Reality","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206705974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti6010006"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti6010006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti6010006","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/6/1/6/pdf?version=1641830253","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/6/1/6/pdf?version=1641830253","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068617561","display_name":"Jari Kangas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1970-1862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jari Kangas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1970-1862","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022586913","display_name":"Sriram Kishore Kumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sriram Kishore Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013176146","display_name":"Helena Mehtonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8513-7978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126318","display_name":"Tampere University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02hvt5f17","country_code":"FI","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126318"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133110","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":null,"country_code":"FI","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helena Mehtonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Imaging Centre, Department of Radiology, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Centre, Department of Radiology, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110","https://openalex.org/I4210126318"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079906862","display_name":"Jorma J\u00e4rnstedt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1503-3078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126318","display_name":"Tampere University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02hvt5f17","country_code":"FI","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126318"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133110","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":null,"country_code":"FI","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorma J\u00e4rnstedt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Imaging Centre, Department of Radiology, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Centre, Department of Radiology, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110","https://openalex.org/I4210126318"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091373454","display_name":"Roope Raisamo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3276-7866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roope Raisamo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3276-7866","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068617561"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":3.6239,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94182288,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"6","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11687","display_name":"Teleoperation and Haptic Systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7908491492271423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.730778157711029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6606709361076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naturalness","display_name":"Naturalness","score":0.6125704050064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interaction-technique","display_name":"Interaction technique","score":0.580733597278595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5577993988990784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5483621954917908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haptic-technology","display_name":"Haptic technology","score":0.48833605647087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.48594701290130615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-image","display_name":"Virtual image","score":0.4811321794986725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.4762401878833771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46177801489830017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.43594419956207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.43292665481567383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39268749952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10102054476737976}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7908491492271423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.730778157711029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6606709361076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134537474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17144832","display_name":"Naturalness","level":2,"score":0.6125704050064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62402345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18921192","display_name":"Interaction technique","level":3,"score":0.580733597278595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5577993988990784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5483621954917908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152086174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030571","display_name":"Haptic technology","level":2,"score":0.48833605647087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.48594701290130615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51970089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44415","display_name":"Virtual image","level":2,"score":0.4811321794986725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.4762401878833771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46177801489830017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.43594419956207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.43292665481567383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39268749952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10102054476737976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti6010006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti6010006","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/6/1/6/pdf?version=1641830253","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:53c124af847c44e6893ef25f5a021a20","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/53c124af847c44e6893ef25f5a021a20","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, Vol 6, Iss 1, p 6 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2414-4088/6/1/6/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti6010006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction; Volume 6; Issue 1; Pages: 6","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:trepo.tuni.fi:10024/216138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/216138","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055260","display_name":"Trepo - Institutional Repository of Tampere University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti6010006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti6010006","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/6/1/6/pdf?version=1641830253","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6493156526","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"930/31/2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","funder_display_name":"Business Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","display_name":"Business Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05bgf9v38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206705974.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206705974.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1273689985","https://openalex.org/W1964620727","https://openalex.org/W1974214712","https://openalex.org/W1975260014","https://openalex.org/W1994281102","https://openalex.org/W2009576800","https://openalex.org/W2021838396","https://openalex.org/W2023633446","https://openalex.org/W2025282387","https://openalex.org/W2038973698","https://openalex.org/W2042751882","https://openalex.org/W2043127991","https://openalex.org/W2063121833","https://openalex.org/W2069588537","https://openalex.org/W2086542492","https://openalex.org/W2099305423","https://openalex.org/W2102284405","https://openalex.org/W2115887468","https://openalex.org/W2122626275","https://openalex.org/W2126889951","https://openalex.org/W2127544967","https://openalex.org/W2138790588","https://openalex.org/W2154868891","https://openalex.org/W2162413876","https://openalex.org/W2169482286","https://openalex.org/W2186517475","https://openalex.org/W2547735422","https://openalex.org/W2631078723","https://openalex.org/W2736622496","https://openalex.org/W2753984972","https://openalex.org/W2765548723","https://openalex.org/W2775357942","https://openalex.org/W2780035078","https://openalex.org/W2797552926","https://openalex.org/W2807324556","https://openalex.org/W2808351283","https://openalex.org/W2897452617","https://openalex.org/W2912020718","https://openalex.org/W2921804921","https://openalex.org/W2952375775","https://openalex.org/W2955116091","https://openalex.org/W2968653604","https://openalex.org/W2982473313","https://openalex.org/W2985297325","https://openalex.org/W3032279994","https://openalex.org/W3047182925","https://openalex.org/W3080832445","https://openalex.org/W3097967018","https://openalex.org/W3125636299","https://openalex.org/W3138291960","https://openalex.org/W3200153183","https://openalex.org/W4251922469"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2141409274","https://openalex.org/W1991514845","https://openalex.org/W2611876519","https://openalex.org/W2183291554","https://openalex.org/W4383502387","https://openalex.org/W2116404749","https://openalex.org/W2185612861","https://openalex.org/W2056084814","https://openalex.org/W2140878115","https://openalex.org/W2184629501"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Virtual":[0],"reality":[1,30],"devices":[2],"are":[3],"used":[4],"for":[5,24,95],"several":[6],"application":[7],"domains,":[8],"such":[9],"as":[10],"medicine,":[11],"entertainment,":[12],"marketing":[13],"and":[14,69,122,143,154],"training.":[15],"A":[16],"handheld":[17,63],"controller":[18,90],"is":[19,109,115,136],"the":[20,44,62,89,105,110,128],"common":[21],"interaction":[22,79,85,107,152,159],"method":[23],"direct":[25,150],"object":[26,98,130],"manipulation":[27,99,151],"in":[28,43,65],"virtual":[29,45],"environments.":[31],"Using":[32],"hands":[33],"would":[34],"be":[35],"a":[36,82,96,137,163],"straightforward":[37],"way":[38],"to":[39,118,157],"directly":[40],"manipulate":[41],"objects":[42],"environment":[46],"if":[47],"hand-tracking":[48],"technology":[49],"were":[50],"reliable":[51,121],"enough.":[52],"In":[53,71],"recent":[54],"comparison":[55],"studies,":[56],"hand-based":[57],"systems":[58],"compared":[59],"unfavorably":[60],"against":[61],"controllers":[64],"task":[66,141,144],"completion":[67,145],"times":[68],"accuracy.":[70],"our":[72],"controlled":[73],"study,":[74],"we":[75],"compare":[76],"these":[77,149,166],"two":[78],"techniques":[80,160],"with":[81,92],"new":[83],"hybrid":[84,106],"technique":[86,108],"which":[87],"combines":[88],"tracking":[91],"hand":[93],"gestures":[94],"rigid":[97],"task.":[100],"The":[101],"results":[102],"demonstrate":[103],"that":[104,134,161],"most":[111],"preferred":[112],"because":[113],"it":[114,123],"intuitive,":[116],"easy":[117],"use,":[119],"fast,":[120],"provides":[124],"haptic":[125],"feedback":[126],"resembling":[127],"real-world":[129],"grab.":[131],"This":[132],"suggests":[133],"there":[135],"trade-off":[138],"between":[139,165],"naturalness,":[140],"accuracy":[142],"time":[146],"when":[147],"using":[148],"techniques,":[153],"participants":[155],"prefer":[156],"use":[158],"provide":[162],"balance":[164],"three":[167],"factors.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
