{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3210931027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5110066","title":"Virtual and Augmented Reality Direct Ophthalmoscopy Tool: A Comparison between Interactions Methods","display_name":"Virtual and Augmented Reality Direct Ophthalmoscopy Tool: A Comparison between Interactions Methods","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3210931027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5110066","mag":"3210931027"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti5110066","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5110066","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/5/11/66/pdf?version=1634892259","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/5/11/66/pdf?version=1634892259","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108084050","display_name":"Michael Chan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software and Informatics Research Centre, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software and Informatics Research Centre, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010849662","display_name":"\u00c1lvaro Uribe-Quevedo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6728-3848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alvaro Uribe-Quevedo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software and Informatics Research Centre, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software and Informatics Research Centre, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086060956","display_name":"Bill Kapralos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0434-3847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bill Kapralos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software and Informatics Research Centre, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software and Informatics Research Centre, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058737924","display_name":"Michael Jenkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2969-0012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Jenkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070801083","display_name":"Norman Jaimes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5656-2841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41047195","display_name":"Military University Nueva Granada","ror":"https://ror.org/05n0gsn30","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41047195"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norman Jaimes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41047195"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108540387","display_name":"Kamen Kanev","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298590031","display_name":"Shizuoka University","ror":"https://ror.org/01w6wtk13","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamen Kanev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010849662"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":2.409,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89037037,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"11","first_page":"66","last_page":"66"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14384","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Health Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14384","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Health Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11291","display_name":"Intraocular Surgery and Lenses","score":0.9632999897003174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11894","display_name":"Radiology practices and education","score":0.9557999968528748,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.7602477669715881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6717013120651245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5907785296440125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmoscopy","display_name":"Ophthalmoscopy","score":0.563567042350769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.558344841003418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.5078912377357483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.460269957780838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4537707269191742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.17438051104545593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1564406156539917}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.7602477669715881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6717013120651245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5907785296440125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780623050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837188","display_name":"Ophthalmoscopy","level":3,"score":0.563567042350769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.558344841003418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.5078912377357483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.460269957780838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4537707269191742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.17438051104545593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1564406156539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti5110066","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5110066","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/5/11/66/pdf?version=1634892259","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1220d243eca542debc4b7c4d2a4a4806","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1220d243eca542debc4b7c4d2a4a4806","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, Vol 5, Iss 11, p 66 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2414-4088/5/11/66/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti5110066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction; Volume 5; Issue 11; Pages: 66","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti5110066","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5110066","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/5/11/66/pdf?version=1634892259","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4511349683","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2018-05917","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334617","display_name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04j5jqy92"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3210931027.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3210931027.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996839335","https://openalex.org/W2008161951","https://openalex.org/W2013204323","https://openalex.org/W2022294124","https://openalex.org/W2054218072","https://openalex.org/W2064012460","https://openalex.org/W2072500831","https://openalex.org/W2099473180","https://openalex.org/W2126320044","https://openalex.org/W2140707765","https://openalex.org/W2177045031","https://openalex.org/W2206431756","https://openalex.org/W2266779554","https://openalex.org/W2494429046","https://openalex.org/W2733444198","https://openalex.org/W2735312837","https://openalex.org/W2764139194","https://openalex.org/W2790026551","https://openalex.org/W2807663273","https://openalex.org/W2901573176","https://openalex.org/W2938063818","https://openalex.org/W2944574719","https://openalex.org/W3036701738","https://openalex.org/W3088332105","https://openalex.org/W3137734438","https://openalex.org/W3166311731","https://openalex.org/W3174640841","https://openalex.org/W3208272346","https://openalex.org/W4245990317","https://openalex.org/W6653825963","https://openalex.org/W6685485130","https://openalex.org/W6745025525","https://openalex.org/W7000447609"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4378228679","https://openalex.org/W2736982640","https://openalex.org/W4378228262","https://openalex.org/W3107375852","https://openalex.org/W2013204323","https://openalex.org/W2752321621","https://openalex.org/W2789244453","https://openalex.org/W27320317","https://openalex.org/W3149213320","https://openalex.org/W2461701944"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Direct":[0],"ophthalmoscopy":[1,153,185,282],"(DO)":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,8,12,103,106,121,150,182,205],"medical":[5],"procedure":[6],"whereby":[7],"health":[9],"professional,":[10],"using":[11],"direct":[13,37,152,184,281],"ophthalmoscope,":[14],"examines":[15],"the":[16,26,36,41,58,85,98,128,131,135,140,168,171,221,234,238,243,256,261,267,291,300,315],"eye":[17,76,100,154,186],"fundus.":[18],"DO":[19,44,213],"skills":[20],"are":[21,80,283],"in":[22,84,159,218,295,309],"decline":[23],"due":[24],"to":[25,53,82,96,180,191,314],"use":[27,129],"of":[28,43,105,114,130,208,223],"interactive":[29,73],"diagnostic":[30],"equipment":[31],"and":[32,47,62,66,72,88,108,139,175,215,242,248,260,275],"insufficient":[33],"practice":[34],"with":[35,75,111,170,285],"ophthalmoscope.":[38],"To":[39],"address":[40],"loss":[42],"skills,":[45],"physical":[46,292],"computer-based":[48,59],"simulators":[49],"have":[50],"been":[51],"developed":[52],"offer":[54],"additional":[55],"training.":[56],"Among":[57],"simulations,":[60],"virtual":[61,99,151,183,212,216],"augmented":[63],"reality":[64,217],"(VR":[65],"AR,":[67],"respectively)":[68],"allow":[69],"simulated":[70],"immersive":[71],"scenarios":[74],"fundus":[77],"conditions":[78],"that":[79,126],"difficult":[81],"replicate":[83],"classroom.":[86],"VR":[87,274],"AR":[89,276],"require":[90],"employing":[91],"3D":[92,277],"user":[93,278],"interfaces":[94],"(3DUIs)":[95],"perform":[97,181],"examination.":[101,155],"Using":[102],"combination":[104],"between-subjects":[107],"within-subjects":[109],"paradigm":[110],"two":[112],"groups":[113],"five":[115],"participants,":[116],"this":[117,160,201],"paper":[118,161],"builds":[119],"upon":[120],"previous":[122,287],"preliminary":[123,288],"usability":[124,209,297,311],"study":[125,289],"compared":[127,313],"HTC":[132,235],"Vive":[133,236],"controller,":[134,138,237,241],"Valve":[136,239],"Index":[137,240],"Microsoft":[141,244,316],"HoloLens":[142,245,317],"1":[143,232],"hand":[144,246,264,305,318],"gesticulation":[145],"interaction":[146,198],"methods":[147,194],"when":[148,312],"performing":[149],"The":[156],"work":[157,165],"described":[158],"extends":[162],"our":[163,196,270,286],"prior":[164,197],"by":[166],"considering":[167],"interactions":[169,279],"Oculus":[172,176,257,262,301],"Quest":[173,177,258,263],"controller":[174,259],"hand-tracking":[178],"system":[179],"examination":[187],"while":[188,299],"allowing":[189],"us":[190,203],"compare":[192],"these":[193],"without":[195],"techniques.":[199],"Ultimately,":[200],"helps":[202],"develop":[204],"greater":[206],"understanding":[207],"effects":[210],"for":[211,230,252,280],"examinations":[214],"general.":[219],"Although":[220],"number":[222],"participants":[224],"was":[225],"limited,":[226],"n":[227,249],"=":[228,250],"5":[229],"Stage":[231,253],"(including":[233,255],"gesticulations),":[247],"13":[251],"2":[254],"tracking),":[265],"given":[266],"COVID-19":[268],"restrictions,":[269],"initial":[271],"results":[272],"comparing":[273],"consistent":[284],"where":[290],"controllers":[293],"resulted":[294,308],"higher":[296,310],"scores,":[298],"Quest\u2019s":[302],"more":[303],"accurate":[304],"motion":[306],"capture":[307],"gesticulation.":[319]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}