{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4251477992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5080040","title":"User Monitoring in Autonomous Driving System Using Gamified Task: A Case for VR/AR In-Car Gaming","display_name":"User Monitoring in Autonomous Driving System Using Gamified Task: A Case for VR/AR In-Car Gaming","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4251477992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5080040"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti5080040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5080040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/5/8/40/pdf?version=1626862377","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/5/8/40/pdf?version=1626862377","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079185777","display_name":"Joseph Muguro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3343-3614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I344018163","display_name":"Dedan Kimathi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05jg5ty85","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I344018163"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42405503","display_name":"Gifu University","ror":"https://ror.org/024exxj48","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}],"countries":["JP","KE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joseph K. Muguro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan","School of Engineering, Dedan Kimathi University of Technology, Private Bag, Nyeri 10143, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3343-3614","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Dedan Kimathi University of Technology, Private Bag, Nyeri 10143, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I344018163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013481730","display_name":"Pringgo Widyo Laksono","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0502-5453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119896790","display_name":"Sebelas Maret University","ror":"https://ror.org/021hq5q33","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119896790"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42405503","display_name":"Gifu University","ror":"https://ror.org/024exxj48","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}],"countries":["ID","JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pringgo Widyo Laksono","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan","Industrial Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0502-5453","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119896790"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017058011","display_name":"Yuta Sasatake","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42405503","display_name":"Gifu University","ror":"https://ror.org/024exxj48","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuta Sasatake","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083052967","display_name":"Kojiro Matsushita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0225-3306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42405503","display_name":"Gifu University","ror":"https://ror.org/024exxj48","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kojiro Matsushita","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005900648","display_name":"Minoru Sasaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7806-8492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42405503","display_name":"Gifu University","ror":"https://ror.org/024exxj48","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Minoru Sasaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7806-8492","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005900648","https://openalex.org/A5079185777"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I344018163","https://openalex.org/I42405503"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.8159,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75107176,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"8","first_page":"40","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.656807005405426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6546192169189453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5368647575378418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.45315998792648315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-engagement","display_name":"User engagement","score":0.4345093369483948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.38909193873405457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.33241790533065796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.28007417917251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17036548256874084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.08820122480392456}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.656807005405426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6546192169189453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5368647575378418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.45315998792648315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984870255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5196451","display_name":"User engagement","level":2,"score":0.4345093369483948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.38909193873405457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.33241790533065796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.28007417917251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17036548256874084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.08820122480392456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti5080040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5080040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/5/8/40/pdf?version=1626862377","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:62b5c52d83104cf78b449b8b38f6301a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/62b5c52d83104cf78b449b8b38f6301a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, Vol 5, Iss 8, p 40 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2414-4088/5/8/40/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti5080040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction; Volume 5; Issue 8; Pages: 40","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti5080040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5080040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/5/8/40/pdf?version=1626862377","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4251477992.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4251477992.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1939861693","https://openalex.org/W2050107338","https://openalex.org/W2057370940","https://openalex.org/W2084016301","https://openalex.org/W2117074369","https://openalex.org/W2149699852","https://openalex.org/W2323127344","https://openalex.org/W2340043522","https://openalex.org/W2394768863","https://openalex.org/W2487579589","https://openalex.org/W2562982737","https://openalex.org/W2568458040","https://openalex.org/W2592057726","https://openalex.org/W2610505880","https://openalex.org/W2626467186","https://openalex.org/W2652415919","https://openalex.org/W2784070504","https://openalex.org/W2791470693","https://openalex.org/W2791736738","https://openalex.org/W2802324225","https://openalex.org/W2803509227","https://openalex.org/W2887660214","https://openalex.org/W2898939387","https://openalex.org/W2921039714","https://openalex.org/W2924653053","https://openalex.org/W2929216981","https://openalex.org/W2942517177","https://openalex.org/W2957354393","https://openalex.org/W2970023719","https://openalex.org/W2970329503","https://openalex.org/W2971227069","https://openalex.org/W2981580660","https://openalex.org/W2981681010","https://openalex.org/W2989921374","https://openalex.org/W2996683616","https://openalex.org/W3143042382","https://openalex.org/W3159649975","https://openalex.org/W3164742780","https://openalex.org/W4229726281","https://openalex.org/W6666544848","https://openalex.org/W6757272291"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2140798747","https://openalex.org/W2948169060","https://openalex.org/W2730112582","https://openalex.org/W2110696645","https://openalex.org/W2358580169","https://openalex.org/W2111347279","https://openalex.org/W2487211728","https://openalex.org/W2378096925","https://openalex.org/W2485376993","https://openalex.org/W2348031209"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"As":[1],"Automated":[2],"Driving":[3],"Systems":[4],"(ADS)":[5],"technology":[6],"gets":[7],"assimilated":[8],"into":[9],"the":[10,12,28,32,37,40,57,91,104,113,125,139,149,163,171,180,183,187],"market,":[11],"driver\u2019s":[13,29],"obligation":[14],"will":[15,175],"be":[16,176],"changed":[17],"to":[18,25,35,46,119,144,178],"a":[19,51,66,100],"supervisory":[20],"role.":[21],"A":[22],"key":[23],"point":[24],"consider":[26],"is":[27,142],"engagement":[30,49,147],"in":[31,39,83,103],"secondary":[33],"task":[34,58],"maintain":[36],"driver/user":[38],"control":[41],"loop.":[42],"This":[43],"paper":[44,154],"aims":[45],"monitor":[47],"driver":[48,81],"with":[50,117,148,167],"game":[52,88,150],"and":[53,71,77,122,135],"identify":[54],"any":[55],"impacts":[56],"has":[59,159],"on":[60,170],"hazard":[61],"recognition.":[62],"Methods:":[63],"We":[64],"designed":[65],"driving":[67],"simulation":[68],"using":[69],"Unity3D":[70],"incorporated":[72],"three":[73,131],"tasks:":[74],"No-task,":[75],"AR-Video,":[76],"AR-Game":[78],"tasks.":[79],"The":[80,153],"engaged":[82],"an":[84],"AR":[85],"object":[86],"interception":[87],"while":[89],"monitoring":[90,157],"road":[92,95],"for":[93,124],"threatening":[94],"scenarios.":[96],"Results:":[97],"There":[98],"was":[99],"significant":[101,116],"difference":[102],"tasks":[105],"(F(2,33)":[106],"=":[107,110],"4.34,":[108],"p":[109],"0.0213),":[111],"identifying":[112],"game-task":[114],"as":[115],"respect":[118],"reaction":[120],"time":[121],"ideal":[123],"present":[126],"investigation.":[127],"Game":[128],"scoring":[129],"followed":[130],"profiles/phases:":[132],"learning,":[133],"saturation,":[134],"decline":[136],"profile.":[137],"From":[138],"profiles,":[140],"it":[141],"possible":[143],"quantify/infer":[145],"drivers\u2019":[146],"task.":[151],"Conclusion:":[152],"proposes":[155],"alternative":[156],"that":[158],"utility,":[160],"i.e.,":[161],"entertaining":[162],"user.":[164],"Further":[165],"experiments":[166],"AR-Games":[168],"focusing":[169],"real-world":[172],"car":[173],"environment":[174],"performed":[177],"confirm":[179],"performance":[181],"following":[182],"recommendations":[184],"derived":[185],"from":[186],"current":[188],"test.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
