{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3047607035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti4030046","title":"A Multimodal Facial Emotion Recognition Framework through the Fusion of Speech with Visible and Infrared Images","display_name":"A Multimodal Facial Emotion Recognition Framework through the Fusion of Speech with Visible and Infrared Images","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3047607035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti4030046","mag":"3047607035"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti4030046","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti4030046","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/4/3/46/pdf?version=1596779714","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/4/3/46/pdf?version=1596779714","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027760336","display_name":"Mohammad Faridul Haque Siddiqui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8515-062X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90871651","display_name":"University of Toledo","ror":"https://ror.org/01pbdzh19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Faridul Haque Siddiqui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078681299","display_name":"Ahmad Y. Javaid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4719-4941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90871651","display_name":"University of Toledo","ror":"https://ror.org/01pbdzh19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Y. Javaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078681299"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":6.1505,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96871541,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"46","last_page":"46"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9753999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7055627703666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6377385258674622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6265627145767212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-recognition","display_name":"Emotion recognition","score":0.5705512166023254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5552924871444702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5207260251045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.5081038475036621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.5013515949249268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4984261989593506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4770200252532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4186437726020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-classification","display_name":"Emotion classification","score":0.4128116965293884}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7055627703666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6377385258674622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6265627145767212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.5705512166023254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5552924871444702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5207260251045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.5081038475036621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.5013515949249268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4984261989593506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4770200252532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4186437726020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206310091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750859","display_name":"Emotion classification","level":2,"score":0.4128116965293884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti4030046","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti4030046","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/4/3/46/pdf?version=1596779714","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1001863c4b6447ada5dbc249a76e0685","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1001863c4b6447ada5dbc249a76e0685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, Vol 4, Iss 3, p 46 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2414-4088/4/3/46/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti4030046","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction; Volume 4; Issue 3; Pages: 46","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti4030046","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti4030046","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/4/3/46/pdf?version=1596779714","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3047607035.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3047607035.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":128,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62840016","https://openalex.org/W82843923","https://openalex.org/W175750906","https://openalex.org/W414188911","https://openalex.org/W1480583224","https://openalex.org/W1559788381","https://openalex.org/W1588539311","https://openalex.org/W1606749791","https://openalex.org/W1878003315","https://openalex.org/W1963753144","https://openalex.org/W1976066595","https://openalex.org/W1981918162","https://openalex.org/W2002055708","https://openalex.org/W2008114799","https://openalex.org/W2009059481","https://openalex.org/W2012237712","https://openalex.org/W2016859189","https://openalex.org/W2022964551","https://openalex.org/W2041616772","https://openalex.org/W2044188769","https://openalex.org/W2045528981","https://openalex.org/W2053101950","https://openalex.org/W2053432263","https://openalex.org/W2054493438","https://openalex.org/W2056403322","https://openalex.org/W2058996406","https://openalex.org/W2060470614","https://openalex.org/W2068124150","https://openalex.org/W2073859568","https://openalex.org/W2081863860","https://openalex.org/W2095797119","https://openalex.org/W2096044434","https://openalex.org/W2097732741","https://openalex.org/W2103943262","https://openalex.org/W2104084893","https://openalex.org/W2106115875","https://openalex.org/W2106390385","https://openalex.org/W2106947945","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2112555538","https://openalex.org/W2122098299","https://openalex.org/W2125127226","https://openalex.org/W2126552487","https://openalex.org/W2129106196","https://openalex.org/W2132555391","https://openalex.org/W2135776491","https://openalex.org/W2144961093","https://openalex.org/W2145012698","https://openalex.org/W2146334809","https://openalex.org/W2151534891","https://openalex.org/W2157297238","https://openalex.org/W2162591825","https://openalex.org/W2164471543","https://openalex.org/W2167015621","https://openalex.org/W2168692779","https://openalex.org/W2180782754","https://openalex.org/W2185105530","https://openalex.org/W2188722963","https://openalex.org/W2189122790","https://openalex.org/W2195048682","https://openalex.org/W2253728219","https://openalex.org/W2266199501","https://openalex.org/W2288112950","https://openalex.org/W2289165730","https://openalex.org/W2292595953","https://openalex.org/W2296223520","https://openalex.org/W2333427390","https://openalex.org/W2336160298","https://openalex.org/W2337522860","https://openalex.org/W2341635611","https://openalex.org/W2396728763","https://openalex.org/W2406223855","https://openalex.org/W2406846344","https://openalex.org/W2409534643","https://openalex.org/W2474425654","https://openalex.org/W2479639417","https://openalex.org/W2486769752","https://openalex.org/W2520194964","https://openalex.org/W2531466839","https://openalex.org/W2547190339","https://openalex.org/W2565944610","https://openalex.org/W2566938590","https://openalex.org/W2572324811","https://openalex.org/W2579879454","https://openalex.org/W2589122614","https://openalex.org/W2600816247","https://openalex.org/W2608956662","https://openalex.org/W2610961739","https://openalex.org/W2612041314","https://openalex.org/W2614041639","https://openalex.org/W2624340939","https://openalex.org/W2703895418","https://openalex.org/W2714696701","https://openalex.org/W2735842846","https://openalex.org/W2743745767","https://openalex.org/W2750852530","https://openalex.org/W2788586383","https://openalex.org/W2792578050","https://openalex.org/W2797947982","https://openalex.org/W2800840848","https://openalex.org/W2803193013","https://openalex.org/W2804753883","https://openalex.org/W2805662932","https://openalex.org/W2809734421","https://openalex.org/W2884739346","https://openalex.org/W2886300652","https://openalex.org/W2888683367","https://openalex.org/W2889169802","https://openalex.org/W2890952074","https://openalex.org/W2891187402","https://openalex.org/W2892071465","https://openalex.org/W2898680707","https://openalex.org/W2905169708","https://openalex.org/W2908176280","https://openalex.org/W2949833607","https://openalex.org/W2951470742","https://openalex.org/W2962770129","https://openalex.org/W2963654998","https://openalex.org/W2963702064","https://openalex.org/W2963785564","https://openalex.org/W3105907928","https://openalex.org/W3141819983","https://openalex.org/W6633518045","https://openalex.org/W6636260951","https://openalex.org/W6675736572","https://openalex.org/W6726492882","https://openalex.org/W6754392867","https://openalex.org/W7058460489"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1550318927","https://openalex.org/W4305042383","https://openalex.org/W2773396412","https://openalex.org/W4380854332","https://openalex.org/W2184859701","https://openalex.org/W4386232293","https://openalex.org/W2546649374","https://openalex.org/W4380370144","https://openalex.org/W2009950829","https://openalex.org/W2382178633"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,42,64,125],"exigency":[1],"of":[2,12,19,34,55,127,134,155,177],"emotion":[3,29],"recognition":[4,30],"is":[5,66],"pushing":[6],"the":[7,17,50,53,72,81,85,117,120,128,135,141,150,175,178,181],"envelope":[8],"for":[9,49,97,183],"meticulous":[10],"strategies":[11],"discerning":[13],"actual":[14],"emotions":[15,38,76],"through":[16,52],"use":[18],"superior":[20],"multimodal":[21,27],"techniques.":[22],"This":[23],"work":[24,173],"presents":[25],"a":[26],"automatic":[28],"(AER)":[31],"framework":[32,65,179],"capable":[33],"differentiating":[35],"between":[36],"expressed":[37],"with":[39,62,131,140,171,180],"high":[40],"accuracy.":[41],"contribution":[43],"involves":[44],"implementing":[45],"an":[46],"ensemble-based":[47],"approach":[48,105],"AER":[51],"fusion":[54,104,147],"visible":[56],"images":[57,61],"and":[58,87,100,109,119,157,163,192],"infrared":[59],"(IR)":[60],"speech.":[63],"implemented":[67],"in":[68,185,189],"two":[69],"layers,":[70],"where":[71],"first":[73],"layer":[74,83],"detects":[75],"using":[77,145],"single":[78],"modalities":[79,86],"while":[80],"second":[82],"combines":[84],"classifies":[88],"emotions.":[89],"Convolutional":[90],"Neural":[91],"Networks":[92],"(CNN)":[93],"have":[94],"been":[95],"used":[96],"feature":[98],"extraction":[99],"classification.":[101],"A":[102,169],"hybrid":[103],"comprising":[106],"early":[107],"(feature-level)":[108],"late":[110],"(decision-level)":[111],"fusion,":[112],"was":[113,138],"applied":[114],"to":[115,148],"combine":[116],"features":[118],"decisions":[121],"at":[122],"different":[123],"stages.":[124],"output":[126,144],"CNN":[129],"trained":[130],"voice":[132],"samples":[133],"RAVDESS":[136],"database":[137],"combined":[139],"image":[142],"classifier\u2019s":[143],"decision-level":[146],"obtain":[149],"final":[151],"decision.":[152],"An":[153],"accuracy":[154,188],"86.36%":[156],"similar":[158],"recall":[159],"(0.86),":[160],"precision":[161],"(0.88),":[162],"f-measure":[164],"(0.87)":[165],"scores":[166],"were":[167],"obtained.":[168],"comparison":[170],"contemporary":[172],"endorsed":[174],"competitiveness":[176],"rationale":[182],"exclusivity":[184],"attaining":[186],"this":[187],"wild":[190],"backgrounds":[191],"light-invariant":[193],"conditions.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2020-08-10T00:00:00"}
