{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2807478477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti2020031","title":"A Comparative Study of Skeuomorphic and Flat Design from a UX Perspective","display_name":"A Comparative Study of Skeuomorphic and Flat Design from a UX Perspective","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2807478477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti2020031","mag":"2807478477"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti2020031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti2020031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/2/2/31/pdf?version=1528128358","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/2/2/31/pdf?version=1528128358","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086762399","display_name":"Konstantinos Spiliotopoulos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I231025917","display_name":"Hellenic Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kq26x23","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I231025917"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Spiliotopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Parodos Aristotelous 18, 26335 Patra, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Parodos Aristotelous 18, 26335 Patra, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I231025917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015563698","display_name":"Maria Rigou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3743-3777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maria Rigou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Informatics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Informatics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020488417","display_name":"Spiros Sirmakessis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2997-4568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091379","display_name":"Region of Western Greece","ror":"https://ror.org/00aj9x431","country_code":"GR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091379"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Spiros Sirmakessis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Informatics Engineering Department, Western Greece University of Applied Sciences (TEI of Western Greece), Meg. Alexandrou 1, 26334 Patra, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Informatics Engineering Department, Western Greece University of Applied Sciences (TEI of Western Greece), Meg. Alexandrou 1, 26334 Patra, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091379"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015563698"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":3.6159,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92985729,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"2","first_page":"31","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10803","display_name":"Innovative Human-Technology Interaction","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10803","display_name":"Innovative Human-Technology Interaction","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.978600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usable","display_name":"USable","score":0.7896474599838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.7354564666748047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6638374924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/icon","display_name":"Icon","score":0.6500416994094849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.639173150062561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6094590425491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-experience-design","display_name":"User experience design","score":0.5672765374183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.560353696346283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affordance","display_name":"Affordance","score":0.5257840156555176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface","display_name":"User interface","score":0.4415234327316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.43377885222435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface-design","display_name":"User interface design","score":0.42723965644836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-elements-and-principles","display_name":"Design elements and principles","score":0.42118677496910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/page-layout","display_name":"Page layout","score":0.41004231572151184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.26456189155578613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1693737804889679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14329862594604492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.1177997887134552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.7896474599838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.7354564666748047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6638374924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778447006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156474","display_name":"Icon","level":2,"score":0.6500416994094849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.639173150062561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6094590425491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201025465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11248500","display_name":"User experience design","level":2,"score":0.5672765374183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.560353696346283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194995250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531136","display_name":"Affordance","level":2,"score":0.5257840156555176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.4415234327316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.43377885222435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149229913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135707","display_name":"User interface design","level":3,"score":0.42723965644836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33276779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1943363","display_name":"Design elements and principles","level":2,"score":0.42118677496910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188985296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868954","display_name":"Page layout","level":2,"score":0.41004231572151184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.26456189155578613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1693737804889679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14329862594604492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.1177997887134552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti2020031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti2020031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/2/2/31/pdf?version=1528128358","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:73ebc2c455b6449daee89731bd5a9da7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/73ebc2c455b6449daee89731bd5a9da7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, Vol 2, Iss 2, p 31 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2414-4088/2/2/31/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti2020031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti2020031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti2020031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/2/2/31/pdf?version=1528128358","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2807478477.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2807478477.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W63949255","https://openalex.org/W1608814077","https://openalex.org/W1979684909","https://openalex.org/W2004164187","https://openalex.org/W2006046124","https://openalex.org/W2049002161","https://openalex.org/W2088028234","https://openalex.org/W2095498309","https://openalex.org/W2496897449","https://openalex.org/W2598171774","https://openalex.org/W2794830979","https://openalex.org/W2890947118","https://openalex.org/W3022461542","https://openalex.org/W4246987040","https://openalex.org/W6636342884","https://openalex.org/W6690237011"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2066378133","https://openalex.org/W3048212026","https://openalex.org/W3200149316","https://openalex.org/W4394789918","https://openalex.org/W2893969762","https://openalex.org/W4375935421","https://openalex.org/W3216880090","https://openalex.org/W317925544","https://openalex.org/W145924344","https://openalex.org/W4316810125"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"key":[1],"factor":[2],"influencing":[3],"the":[4,11,18,38,64,73,94,101,104,113,118,146,149],"effectiveness":[5],"of":[6,28,40,66,103,120,125,134,175,186,213],"a":[7,90,141,166,250],"user":[8,41,231],"interface":[9,42],"is":[10,44,61,72,87],"usability":[12],"resulting":[13],"from":[14],"its":[15],"design,":[16,85],"and":[17,46,59,68,129,136,210,233,241,255,264],"overall":[19,155],"experience":[20],"generated":[21],"while":[22],"using":[23],"it,":[24],"through":[25],"any":[26],"kind":[27],"device.":[29],"The":[30,198],"two":[31,114],"main":[32,74],"design":[33,43,54,58,71,75,115,122,157,176,194,226,254,262],"trends":[34],"that":[35,224],"prevail":[36],"in":[37,52,78,269],"field":[39],"skeuomorphism":[45],"flat":[47,57,156,193,209],"design.":[48],"Skeuomorphism":[49],"was":[50,202,249],"used":[51,77],"UI":[53],"long":[55],"before":[56],"it":[60,86],"built":[62],"upon":[63],"notion":[65],"metaphors":[67],"affordances.":[69],"Flat":[70],"trend":[76],"most":[79],"UIs":[80],"today":[81],"and,":[82],"unlike":[83],"skeuomorphic":[84,167,211,253],"considered":[88,201],"as":[89,158,195,259,261],"way":[91],"to":[92,99,206,219],"explore":[93],"digital":[95],"medium":[96],"without":[97],"trying":[98],"reproduce":[100],"appearance":[102],"physical":[105],"world.":[106],"This":[107],"paper":[108,147],"investigates":[109],"how":[110,203],"users":[111,152,191,204],"perceive":[112,153],"approaches":[116],"at":[117],"level":[119],"icon":[121,126,179],"(in":[123],"terms":[124],"recognizability,":[127,180],"recall":[128],"effectiveness)":[130],"based":[131],"on":[132,137,178],"series":[133],"experiments":[135],"data":[138],"collected":[139],"via":[140],"Tobii":[142],"eye":[143],"tracker.":[144],"Moreover,":[145],"poses":[148],"question":[150],"whether":[151],"an":[154],"more":[159,163,196],"aesthetically":[160],"attractive":[161],"or":[162,184,236],"usable":[164],"than":[165],"equivalent.":[168],"All":[169],"tested":[170,222],"hypotheses":[171,223],"regarding":[172],"potential":[173],"effect":[174],"approach":[177],"task":[181,228],"completion":[182,229],"time,":[183],"number":[185],"errors":[187],"were":[188,245],"rejected":[189,246],"but":[190,247,267],"perceived":[192],"usable.":[197],"last":[199],"issue":[200],"respond":[205],"functionally":[207],"equivalent":[208],"variations":[212],"websites":[214,271],"when":[215],"given":[216],"specific":[217],"tasks":[218],"execute.":[220],"Most":[221],"website":[225],"affects":[227],"durations,":[230],"expected":[232],"experienced":[234,257],"difficulty,":[235,258],"SUS":[237,265],"(System":[238],"Usability":[239],"Scale)":[240],"meCUE":[242],"questionnaires":[243],"scores":[244,266],"there":[248],"correlation":[251],"between":[252],"increased":[256],"well":[260],"type":[263],"not":[268],"both":[270],"examined.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
