{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7122656477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti10010010","title":"APAR: A Structural Design and Guidance Framework for Gamification in Education Based on Motivation Theories","display_name":"APAR: A Structural Design and Guidance Framework for Gamification in Education Based on Motivation Theories","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7122656477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti10010010"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti10010010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti10010010","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/10/1/10/pdf?version=1768030196","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/10/1/10/pdf?version=1768030196","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122778861","display_name":"J. Carlos L\u00f3pez-Ardao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Carlos L\u00f3pez-Ardao","raw_affiliation_strings":["atlanTTic Research Center for Telecommunication Technologies, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3390-0035","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"atlanTTic Research Center for Telecommunication Technologies, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122746754","display_name":"Miguel Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez","raw_affiliation_strings":["atlanTTic Research Center for Telecommunication Technologies, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5965-1076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"atlanTTic Research Center for Telecommunication Technologies, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035069650","display_name":"Sergio Herrer\u0131\u0301a-Alonso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3417-5821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergio Herrer\u00eda-Alonso","raw_affiliation_strings":["atlanTTic Research Center for Telecommunication Technologies, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3417-5821","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"atlanTTic Research Center for Telecommunication Technologies, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122812235","display_name":"M. Estrella Sousa-Vieira","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Estrella Sousa-Vieira","raw_affiliation_strings":["atlanTTic Research Center for Telecommunication Technologies, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3963-0451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"atlanTTic Research Center for Telecommunication Technologies, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030974225","display_name":"A. Lago","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8697-4807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfonso Lago Ferreiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Technology, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8697-4807","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Technology, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031644997","display_name":"Andr\u00e9s Su\u00e1rez-Gonz\u00e1lez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8402-9825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9s Su\u00e1rez-Gonz\u00e1lez","raw_affiliation_strings":["atlanTTic Research Center for Telecommunication Technologies, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8402-9825","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"atlanTTic Research Center for Telecommunication Technologies, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122772760","display_name":"Ra\u00fal F. Rodr\u00edguez-Rubio","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","display_name":"Universidade de Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/05rdf8595","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ra\u00fal F. Rodr\u00edguez-Rubio","raw_affiliation_strings":["atlanTTic Research Center for Telecommunication Technologies, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3299-150X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"atlanTTic Research Center for Telecommunication Technologies, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5122778861"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":20.2308,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96841591,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"10","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.8511999845504761,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.8511999845504761,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11400","display_name":"Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports","score":0.07169999927282333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14182","display_name":"Technology-Enhanced Education Studies","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.6341000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/table","display_name":"Table (database)","score":0.618399977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grounded-theory","display_name":"Grounded theory","score":0.4180999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-technology","display_name":"Educational technology","score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamics","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-based-learning","display_name":"Game based learning","score":0.32829999923706055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.6341000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45235069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278425","display_name":"Table (database)","level":2,"score":0.618399977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4537000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156325361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152864","display_name":"Grounded theory","level":3,"score":0.4180999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.35850000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982948194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140363","display_name":"Game based learning","level":2,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503285160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858057","display_name":"Game design","level":2,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120208923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5158435","display_name":"Conceptual design","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33276779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1943363","display_name":"Design elements and principles","level":2,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13606891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623243","display_name":"Conceptual model","level":2,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92393732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1790374","display_name":"Learning theory","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018311702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1362435","display_name":"Motivation to learn","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.25940001010894775}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti10010010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti10010010","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/10/1/10/pdf?version=1768030196","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:06825295c3a248fba6ea87a3b6267cd3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/06825295c3a248fba6ea87a3b6267cd3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, Vol 10, Iss 1, p 10 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.investigo.biblioteca.uvigo.es:11093/11548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11093/11548","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196408","display_name":"Investigo Institutional repository of UVigo (Universidade de Vigo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","host_organization_name":"Universidade de Vigo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mti10010010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mti10010010","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/10/1/10/pdf?version=1768030196","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226272","display_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","issn_l":"2414-4088","issn":["2414-4088"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6384431719779968}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3480869486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5080475149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7084143925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7122656477.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7122656477.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1182574103","https://openalex.org/W2023557850","https://openalex.org/W2147489905","https://openalex.org/W2157300266","https://openalex.org/W2160579544","https://openalex.org/W2169106160","https://openalex.org/W2179683524","https://openalex.org/W2400809442","https://openalex.org/W2619597416","https://openalex.org/W2804871124","https://openalex.org/W2961402691","https://openalex.org/W3010425548","https://openalex.org/W3042860537","https://openalex.org/W3080486077","https://openalex.org/W3108131141","https://openalex.org/W3109648034","https://openalex.org/W3118918860","https://openalex.org/W3119317690","https://openalex.org/W3133910240","https://openalex.org/W3138385016","https://openalex.org/W3187873048","https://openalex.org/W4205788264","https://openalex.org/W4236404995","https://openalex.org/W4242883546","https://openalex.org/W4318707231","https://openalex.org/W4327715422","https://openalex.org/W4375866229"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gamification":[0],"is":[1,187],"widely":[2],"used":[3],"to":[4,102,145,161],"enhance":[5],"student":[6],"motivation,":[7],"yet":[8],"many":[9],"educational":[10,41],"design":[11,66,81,114],"proposals":[12],"remain":[13],"conceptual":[14],"and":[15,31,39,53,55,61,75,77,89,107,116,151,169,186,202],"provide":[16],"limited":[17],"operational":[18],"guidance":[19],"for":[20,37],"digital":[21],"learning":[22,44,84],"environments.":[23],"This":[24],"paper":[25],"introduces":[26],"APAR":[27,63,100],"(Activities,":[28],"Points,":[29],"Achievements":[30],"Rewards),":[32],"a":[33,79,95,125],"content-independent":[34],"structural":[35,195],"framework":[36],"designing":[38],"implementing":[40],"gamification":[42,196],"in":[43,47,122,124,147,163],"platforms.":[45],"Grounded":[46],"motivation":[48,103],"theories":[49],"(including":[50],"Self-Determination":[51],"Theory":[52],"Relatedness\u2013Autonomy\u2013Mastery\u2013Purpose)":[54],"reward":[56],"taxonomies":[57],"(Status,":[58],"Access,":[59],"Power":[60],"Stuff),":[62],"distinguishes":[64],"high-level":[65],"constructs":[67],"from":[68,143,159],"concrete":[69],"game":[70],"elements":[71],"(e.g.,":[72],"points,":[73],"badges":[74],"leaderboards)":[76],"provides":[78],"systematic":[80],"loop":[82],"linking":[83],"activities,":[85],"feedback,":[86],"intermediate":[87],"goals":[88],"reinforcement.":[90],"The":[91],"contribution":[92],"includes":[93],"(i)":[94],"mapping":[96],"table":[97],"relating":[98],"each":[99],"construct":[101],"models,":[104],"supported":[105],"dynamics":[106],"typical":[108],"learning-platform":[109],"implementations;":[110],"(ii)":[111],"an":[112,118,198],"actionable":[113],"guide;":[115],"(iii)":[117],"empirical":[119],"illustration":[120],"implemented":[121],"Moodle":[123],"higher-education":[126],"Computer":[127],"Networks":[128],"course.":[129],"In":[130],"this":[131],"setting,":[132],"the":[133,139,148,152,178,189,192],"proportion":[134,153],"of":[135,154,173,194],"enrolled":[136,155],"students":[137,156],"taking":[138],"final":[140],"exam":[141,174],"increased":[142,158],"58%":[144],"72%":[146],"first":[149],"year,":[150],"passing":[157],"17%":[160],"38%;":[162],"2022\u20132023":[164],"these":[165],"values":[166],"were":[167],"70%":[168],"39%,":[170],"respectively":[171],"(56%":[172],"takers":[175],"passed).":[176],"While":[177],"use":[179],"case":[180],"relies":[181],"on":[182],"quantitative":[183],"course-level":[184],"indicators":[185],"observational,":[188],"findings":[190],"support":[191],"potential":[193],"as":[197],"integrated":[199],"methodological":[200],"tool":[201],"motivate":[203],"further":[204],"mixed-method":[205],"validations.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2026-01-13T00:00:00"}