{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2120917188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi6060793","title":"PDR/INS/WiFi Integration Based on Handheld Devices for Indoor Pedestrian Navigation","display_name":"PDR/INS/WiFi Integration Based on Handheld Devices for Indoor Pedestrian Navigation","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2120917188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi6060793","mag":"2120917188"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mi6060793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi6060793","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/6/6/793/pdf?version=1435062953","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96702057","display_name":"Micromachines","issn_l":"2072-666X","issn":["2072-666X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Micromachines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/6/6/793/pdf?version=1435062953","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066333395","display_name":"Yuan Zhuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3377-9658"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Zhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035960456","display_name":"Haiyu Lan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1791-8021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiyu Lan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087608529","display_name":"You Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3785-0976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CA","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"You Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042454030","display_name":"Naser El\u2010Sheimy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6505-0832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naser El-Sheimy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066333395"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":8.6336,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":109,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98042251,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"6","first_page":"793","last_page":"812"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trilateration","display_name":"Trilateration","score":0.8607306480407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dead-reckoning","display_name":"Dead reckoning","score":0.7655890583992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7439655661582947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-navigation-system","display_name":"Inertial navigation system","score":0.6966689825057983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5754130482673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.5494387745857239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5406718850135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.46301671862602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps/ins","display_name":"GPS/INS","score":0.45588669180870056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/navigation-system","display_name":"Navigation system","score":0.4212995171546936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.337044358253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3368704915046692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2566239833831787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-frame-of-reference","display_name":"Inertial frame of reference","score":0.23076960444450378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10654759407043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assisted-gps","display_name":"Assisted GPS","score":0.10121357440948486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20832178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146298","display_name":"Trilateration","level":3,"score":0.8607306480407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106165642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152255","display_name":"Dead reckoning","level":3,"score":0.7655890583992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7439655661582947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128651787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570607","display_name":"Inertial navigation system","level":3,"score":0.6966689825057983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5754130482673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5494387745857239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5406718850135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.46301671862602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193183557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195126","display_name":"GPS/INS","level":4,"score":0.45588669180870056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777891301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3475123","display_name":"Navigation system","level":2,"score":0.4212995171546936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.337044358253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3368704915046692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2566239833831787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173386949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192735","display_name":"Inertial frame of reference","level":2,"score":0.23076960444450378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10654759407043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198613851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432394","display_name":"Assisted GPS","level":3,"score":0.10121357440948486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/mi6060793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi6060793","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/6/6/793/pdf?version=1435062953","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96702057","display_name":"Micromachines","issn_l":"2072-666X","issn":["2072-666X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Micromachines","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3a83b13b334d4ef89a9039ea78252a1e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3a83b13b334d4ef89a9039ea78252a1e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Micromachines, Vol 6, Iss 6, Pp 793-812 (2015)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-666X/6/6/793/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.3390/mi6060793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Micromachines","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mi6060793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi6060793","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/6/6/793/pdf?version=1435062953","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96702057","display_name":"Micromachines","issn_l":"2072-666X","issn":["2072-666X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Micromachines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319907","display_name":"Alberta Innovates - Technology Futures","ror":"https://ror.org/00ynafe15"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325651","display_name":"Alberta Innovates","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2120917188.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2120917188.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W163453708","https://openalex.org/W304861154","https://openalex.org/W1496685438","https://openalex.org/W1514350232","https://openalex.org/W1564768010","https://openalex.org/W1608061686","https://openalex.org/W1972362528","https://openalex.org/W2015236421","https://openalex.org/W2025130051","https://openalex.org/W2026041271","https://openalex.org/W2039063786","https://openalex.org/W2052948613","https://openalex.org/W2064047843","https://openalex.org/W2065781837","https://openalex.org/W2070027626","https://openalex.org/W2072158021","https://openalex.org/W2074542010","https://openalex.org/W2079251198","https://openalex.org/W2080721642","https://openalex.org/W2088663943","https://openalex.org/W2095919084","https://openalex.org/W2106226434","https://openalex.org/W2126980271","https://openalex.org/W2130368679","https://openalex.org/W2132639726","https://openalex.org/W2143062854","https://openalex.org/W2151055632","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2183475719","https://openalex.org/W2202126511","https://openalex.org/W2204780533","https://openalex.org/W2275636584","https://openalex.org/W2316125921","https://openalex.org/W2337388419","https://openalex.org/W3021478417","https://openalex.org/W3087672182","https://openalex.org/W6668302657"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2008882664","https://openalex.org/W2393072194","https://openalex.org/W2384461316","https://openalex.org/W4306940720","https://openalex.org/W2117654899","https://openalex.org/W2365620299","https://openalex.org/W2129084366","https://openalex.org/W2908230821","https://openalex.org/W2159070929","https://openalex.org/W2377925676"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Providing":[0],"an":[1,94],"accurate":[2],"and":[3,46,82,85],"practical":[4],"navigation":[5,23,43,65],"solution":[6,146,164],"anywhere":[7],"with":[8,116,149],"portable":[9],"devices,":[10],"such":[11],"as":[12,93,122],"smartphones,":[13],"is":[14,75,135,154,165],"still":[15],"a":[16,37,72],"challenge,":[17],"especially":[18],"in":[19,63,179],"environments":[20],"where":[21],"global":[22],"satellite":[24],"systems":[25,60],"(GNSS)":[26],"signals":[27],"are":[28,32,119],"not":[29],"available":[30],"or":[31],"degraded.":[33],"This":[34],"paper":[35],"proposes":[36],"new":[38],"algorithm":[39,175],"that":[40,132],"integrates":[41],"inertial":[42,111],"system":[44],"(INS)":[45],"pedestrian":[47,64],"dead":[48],"reckoning":[49],"(PDR)":[50],"to":[51,99],"combine":[52],"the":[53,78,97,101,107,125,141,160,171],"advantages":[54],"of":[55,77,109,170],"both":[56],"mechanizations":[57],"for":[58,96,124],"micro-electro-mechanical":[59],"(MEMS)":[61],"sensors":[62],"applications.":[66],"In":[67],"this":[68],"PDR/INS":[69,126,143],"integration":[70,174],"algorithm,":[71],"pseudo-velocity-vector,":[73],"which":[74],"composed":[76],"PDR-derived":[79],"forward":[80],"speed":[81],"zero":[83],"lateral":[84],"vertical":[86],"speeds":[87],"from":[88],"non-holonomic":[89],"constraints":[90],"(NHC),":[91],"works":[92],"update":[95],"INS":[98],"limit":[100,106],"velocity":[102],"errors.":[103],"To":[104],"further":[105,155],"drift":[108],"MEMS":[110,145],"sensors,":[112],"trilateration-based":[113],"WiFi":[114],"positions":[115],"small":[117],"variances":[118],"also":[120],"selected":[121],"updates":[123],"integrated":[127,144,163],"system.":[128],"The":[129,151,167],"experiments":[130],"illustrate":[131],"positioning":[133,152],"error":[134,153],"decreased":[136,156],"by":[137,139,157],"60%\u201375%":[138],"using":[140],"proposed":[142,161,172],"when":[147],"compared":[148],"PDR.":[150],"15%\u201355%":[158],"if":[159],"PDR/INS/WiFi":[162,173],"implemented.":[166],"average":[168],"accuracy":[169],"achieves":[176],"4.5":[177],"m":[178],"indoor":[180],"environments.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
