{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2066677731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi5020171","title":"3-D Micro and Nano Technologies for Improvements in Electrochemical Power Devices","display_name":"3-D Micro and Nano Technologies for Improvements in Electrochemical Power Devices","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2066677731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi5020171","mag":"2066677731"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mi5020171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi5020171","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/5/2/171/pdf?version=1396947979","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96702057","display_name":"Micromachines","issn_l":"2072-666X","issn":["2072-666X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Micromachines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/5/2/171/pdf?version=1396947979","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073714597","display_name":"Sunshine Holmberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140791","display_name":"Irvine University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ysmca02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140791"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sunshine Holmberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine,  5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA","Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine,  5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578","https://openalex.org/I4210140791"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004623837","display_name":"Alexandra Perebikovsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4021-7143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexandra Perebikovsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, 4129 Frederick Reines Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, 4129 Frederick Reines Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006942986","display_name":"Lawrence Kulinsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1176-3578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140791","display_name":"Irvine University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ysmca02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140791"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence Kulinsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine,  5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA","Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine,  5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578","https://openalex.org/I4210140791"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073716145","display_name":"Marc Madou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4847-3117"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140791","display_name":"Irvine University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ysmca02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140791"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Madou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA","Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine,  5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA","Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine,  5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578","https://openalex.org/I4210140791"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004623837","https://openalex.org/A5073714597"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578","https://openalex.org/I4210140791"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":3.7188,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9197919,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"2","first_page":"171","last_page":"203"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11231","display_name":"Microbial Fuel Cells and Bioremediation","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11231","display_name":"Microbial Fuel Cells and Bioremediation","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10179","display_name":"Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10212","display_name":"Electrochemical sensors and biosensors","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanoelectromechanical-systems","display_name":"Nanoelectromechanical systems","score":0.9324218034744263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microelectromechanical-systems","display_name":"Microelectromechanical systems","score":0.7986958622932434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.7445393800735474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5707594156265259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fabrication","display_name":"Fabrication","score":0.5489755272865295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nano","display_name":"Nano-","score":0.4808679223060608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium","display_name":"Lithium (medication)","score":0.4209808111190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanomedicine","display_name":"Nanomedicine","score":0.09855684638023376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanoparticle","display_name":"Nanoparticle","score":0.08120861649513245}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173409883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175593","display_name":"Nanoelectromechanical systems","level":4,"score":0.9324218034744263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37977207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175561","display_name":"Microelectromechanical systems","level":2,"score":0.7986958622932434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.7445393800735474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5707594156265259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.5489755272865295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780357685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154357","display_name":"Nano-","level":2,"score":0.4808679223060608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778541603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152763","display_name":"Lithium (medication)","level":2,"score":0.4209808111190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15083742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q261659","display_name":"Nanomedicine","level":3,"score":0.09855684638023376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155672457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231","display_name":"Nanoparticle","level":2,"score":0.08120861649513245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/mi5020171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi5020171","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/5/2/171/pdf?version=1396947979","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96702057","display_name":"Micromachines","issn_l":"2072-666X","issn":["2072-666X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Micromachines","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fa5b09fadd774f4e87f05d1869b8dc06","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fa5b09fadd774f4e87f05d1869b8dc06","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Micromachines, Vol 5, Iss 2, Pp 171-203 (2014)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mi5020171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi5020171","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/5/2/171/pdf?version=1396947979","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96702057","display_name":"Micromachines","issn_l":"2072-666X","issn":["2072-666X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Micromachines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2066677731.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2066677731.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":154,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W257247707","https://openalex.org/W630955716","https://openalex.org/W1484564235","https://openalex.org/W1503124134","https://openalex.org/W1543136237","https://openalex.org/W1615371353","https://openalex.org/W1620427860","https://openalex.org/W1896289247","https://openalex.org/W1963479887","https://openalex.org/W1963492898","https://openalex.org/W1964274482","https://openalex.org/W1965399445","https://openalex.org/W1967323599","https://openalex.org/W1967601374","https://openalex.org/W1968086356","https://openalex.org/W1970592116","https://openalex.org/W1971485580","https://openalex.org/W1974713017","https://openalex.org/W1978534780","https://openalex.org/W1980216394","https://openalex.org/W1981378625","https://openalex.org/W1982790203","https://openalex.org/W1984229341","https://openalex.org/W1985013794","https://openalex.org/W1986196529","https://openalex.org/W1987410104","https://openalex.org/W1987722945","https://openalex.org/W1988472534","https://openalex.org/W1988561735","https://openalex.org/W1988593160","https://openalex.org/W1989309532","https://openalex.org/W1989417335","https://openalex.org/W1989532236","https://openalex.org/W1992230032","https://openalex.org/W1993231556","https://openalex.org/W2000597976","https://openalex.org/W2000902397","https://openalex.org/W2002798749","https://openalex.org/W2003596627","https://openalex.org/W2004172293","https://openalex.org/W2004565274","https://openalex.org/W2004991586","https://openalex.org/W2006070779","https://openalex.org/W2007723110","https://openalex.org/W2009273624","https://openalex.org/W2013063245","https://openalex.org/W2015139372","https://openalex.org/W2015201520","https://openalex.org/W2016270680","https://openalex.org/W2016414716","https://openalex.org/W2017588499","https://openalex.org/W2018815703","https://openalex.org/W2019903682","https://openalex.org/W2021498701","https://openalex.org/W2022218221","https://openalex.org/W2023806198","https://openalex.org/W2024060072","https://openalex.org/W2025335260","https://openalex.org/W2026703271","https://openalex.org/W2028408391","https://openalex.org/W2028850181","https://openalex.org/W2029957547","https://openalex.org/W2030405646","https://openalex.org/W2030996943","https://openalex.org/W2034488216","https://openalex.org/W2035524955","https://openalex.org/W2036251766","https://openalex.org/W2036964042","https://openalex.org/W2038710406","https://openalex.org/W2038833197","https://openalex.org/W2041606737","https://openalex.org/W2042770258","https://openalex.org/W2043545515","https://openalex.org/W2047099464","https://openalex.org/W2049843382","https://openalex.org/W2052491795","https://openalex.org/W2053782439","https://openalex.org/W2054083048","https://openalex.org/W2054976794","https://openalex.org/W2056596362","https://openalex.org/W2058534278","https://openalex.org/W2059607322","https://openalex.org/W2061461428","https://openalex.org/W2062112117","https://openalex.org/W2063078194","https://openalex.org/W2068304594","https://openalex.org/W2068964257","https://openalex.org/W2070176552","https://openalex.org/W2070472558","https://openalex.org/W2078206416","https://openalex.org/W2078267833","https://openalex.org/W2081879098","https://openalex.org/W2084873049","https://openalex.org/W2085185711","https://openalex.org/W2085228819","https://openalex.org/W2085776163","https://openalex.org/W2086012518","https://openalex.org/W2087273401","https://openalex.org/W2089530153","https://openalex.org/W2091052722","https://openalex.org/W2092435500","https://openalex.org/W2093102624","https://openalex.org/W2098139273","https://openalex.org/W2100646809","https://openalex.org/W2108849916","https://openalex.org/W2111054335","https://openalex.org/W2112820289","https://openalex.org/W2113220893","https://openalex.org/W2116269466","https://openalex.org/W2117852493","https://openalex.org/W2118082647","https://openalex.org/W2118866619","https://openalex.org/W2121707814","https://openalex.org/W2122354265","https://openalex.org/W2124043346","https://openalex.org/W2134823940","https://openalex.org/W2138074495","https://openalex.org/W2138939248","https://openalex.org/W2140944023","https://openalex.org/W2142747540","https://openalex.org/W2144333861","https://openalex.org/W2147741986","https://openalex.org/W2147834813","https://openalex.org/W2147838340","https://openalex.org/W2149941502","https://openalex.org/W2149971479","https://openalex.org/W2150389053","https://openalex.org/W2151964170","https://openalex.org/W2153130629","https://openalex.org/W2153228824","https://openalex.org/W2155621871","https://openalex.org/W2157410730","https://openalex.org/W2164640524","https://openalex.org/W2167098132","https://openalex.org/W2170400855","https://openalex.org/W2254164654","https://openalex.org/W2318196412","https://openalex.org/W2320968827","https://openalex.org/W2327139634","https://openalex.org/W2329176384","https://openalex.org/W2330309784","https://openalex.org/W2331168546","https://openalex.org/W2332243429","https://openalex.org/W2333221324","https://openalex.org/W2478057642","https://openalex.org/W2951239498","https://openalex.org/W3071081854","https://openalex.org/W3212634295","https://openalex.org/W4241456496","https://openalex.org/W4247418937","https://openalex.org/W4256386633","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4307600767","https://openalex.org/W6803474670"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285099144","https://openalex.org/W2294335124","https://openalex.org/W4317346967","https://openalex.org/W1527636689","https://openalex.org/W1514561573","https://openalex.org/W1902246597","https://openalex.org/W2468844734","https://openalex.org/W2612655727","https://openalex.org/W2891496159","https://openalex.org/W2050528733"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"review":[1,101],"focuses":[2],"on":[3],"recent":[4],"advances":[5,55],"in":[6,56,67,139],"micro-":[7],"and":[8,11,23,29,60,70,73,76,110,119,126,130,135],"nano-fabrication":[9],"techniques":[10,121],"their":[12],"applications":[13],"to":[14,46,51,123],"electrochemical":[15,83,113,140],"power":[16,114,141],"devices,":[17],"specifically":[18],"microfabricated":[19],"Lithium-ion":[20],"batteries,":[21],"enzymatic":[22],"microbial":[24],"fuel":[25],"cells":[26,32],"(biofuel":[27,49],"cells),":[28],"dye-sensitized":[30],"solar":[31],"(DSSCs).":[33],"Although":[34],"the":[35,82,89,100,108],"maturity":[36],"of":[37,85,93,97,112,133],"these":[38,86,94],"three":[39,95],"technologies":[40,87],"ranges":[41],"from":[42],"market":[43],"ready":[44],"(batteries)":[45],"fundamental":[47],"research":[48,53],"cells)":[50],"applied":[52],"(DSSCs),":[54],"MEMS":[57,118,134],"(Micro-Electro-Mechanical":[58],"Systems)":[59,63],"NEMS":[61,120,136],"(Nano-Electro-Mechanical":[62],"techniques,":[64,79],"particularly":[65],"modifications":[66],"surface":[68,71],"area":[69],"chemistry,":[72],"novel":[74],"genetic":[75],"molecular":[77],"engineering":[78],"significantly":[80],"improve":[81,124],"activity":[84],"across":[88],"board.":[90],"For":[91],"each":[92],"categories":[96],"power-MEMS":[98],"devices":[99],"covers:":[102],"(1)":[103],"The":[104],"technical":[105],"challenges":[106],"facing":[107],"performance":[109],"fabrication":[111],"devices;":[115],"(2)":[116],"Current":[117],"used":[122],"efficiency;":[125],"(3)":[127],"Future":[128],"outlook":[129],"suggested":[131],"improvements":[132],"for":[137],"implementation":[138],"devices.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}