{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2100113011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi5010097","title":"Mini and Micro Propulsion for Medical Swimmers","display_name":"Mini and Micro Propulsion for Medical Swimmers","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2100113011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi5010097","mag":"2100113011"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mi5010097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi5010097","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/5/1/97/pdf?version=1395245449","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96702057","display_name":"Micromachines","issn_l":"2072-666X","issn":["2072-666X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Micromachines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/5/1/97/pdf?version=1395245449","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005384823","display_name":"Jianfeng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JianFeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 616 Benedum Hall, 3700 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 616 Benedum Hall, 3700 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056552730","display_name":"Sung June Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0030-9409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sung Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 538G Benedum Hall, 3700 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 538G Benedum Hall, 3700 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056552730"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":5.5329,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":81,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96103634,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"97","last_page":"113"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propulsion","display_name":"Propulsion","score":0.7240591049194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4944014549255371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.4848874509334564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.48470520973205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.481904536485672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator","display_name":"Actuator","score":0.47248998284339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-concept","display_name":"Proof of concept","score":0.4489351212978363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.4082569479942322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.37760230898857117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.3554871082305908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3426024913787842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1478075087070465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1465071141719818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.1429203450679779}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1034443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2583685","display_name":"Propulsion","level":2,"score":0.7240591049194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4944014549255371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.4848874509334564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.48470520973205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.481904536485672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.47248998284339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124978682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201019","display_name":"Proof of concept","level":2,"score":0.4489351212978363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.4082569479942322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.37760230898857117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.3554871082305908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3426024913787842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1478075087070465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1465071141719818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.1429203450679779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/mi5010097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi5010097","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/5/1/97/pdf?version=1395245449","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96702057","display_name":"Micromachines","issn_l":"2072-666X","issn":["2072-666X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Micromachines","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:d-scholarship.pitt.edu:24890","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/24890/4/licence.txt","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402375","display_name":"D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","host_organization_name":"University of Pittsburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2586ed31147f42d8942cdf4e8405e35d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2586ed31147f42d8942cdf4e8405e35d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Micromachines, Vol 5, Iss 1, Pp 97-113 (2014)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/mi5010097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi5010097","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/5/1/97/pdf?version=1395245449","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96702057","display_name":"Micromachines","issn_l":"2072-666X","issn":["2072-666X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Micromachines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.7699999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2296916099","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4017878674","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1029318","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6141309176","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1029318","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8485429279","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1029318","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","funder_display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01krpsy48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2100113011.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2100113011.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495609870","https://openalex.org/W1604973597","https://openalex.org/W1614862817","https://openalex.org/W1963516908","https://openalex.org/W1965424341","https://openalex.org/W1968021920","https://openalex.org/W1968129502","https://openalex.org/W1971702410","https://openalex.org/W1972052531","https://openalex.org/W1978158070","https://openalex.org/W1985103578","https://openalex.org/W1990416424","https://openalex.org/W1991399233","https://openalex.org/W1996307949","https://openalex.org/W2004610991","https://openalex.org/W2010039829","https://openalex.org/W2011837471","https://openalex.org/W2018108785","https://openalex.org/W2020728680","https://openalex.org/W2021272905","https://openalex.org/W2025562104","https://openalex.org/W2026135453","https://openalex.org/W2029041454","https://openalex.org/W2032101074","https://openalex.org/W2033586535","https://openalex.org/W2036315153","https://openalex.org/W2036688762","https://openalex.org/W2038185026","https://openalex.org/W2038952272","https://openalex.org/W2039750959","https://openalex.org/W2040051815","https://openalex.org/W2042531706","https://openalex.org/W2047776897","https://openalex.org/W2049303490","https://openalex.org/W2052004700","https://openalex.org/W2053244158","https://openalex.org/W2053540206","https://openalex.org/W2054278500","https://openalex.org/W2056370235","https://openalex.org/W2057513977","https://openalex.org/W2069327268","https://openalex.org/W2070450237","https://openalex.org/W2070510683","https://openalex.org/W2080251364","https://openalex.org/W2085283790","https://openalex.org/W2091814844","https://openalex.org/W2093932181","https://openalex.org/W2103161147","https://openalex.org/W2107159924","https://openalex.org/W2108623852","https://openalex.org/W2109836092","https://openalex.org/W2110836942","https://openalex.org/W2111600712","https://openalex.org/W2114623450","https://openalex.org/W2116162163","https://openalex.org/W2118301857","https://openalex.org/W2118654581","https://openalex.org/W2119153426","https://openalex.org/W2119217035","https://openalex.org/W2120293999","https://openalex.org/W2122214061","https://openalex.org/W2122468689","https://openalex.org/W2142560272","https://openalex.org/W2143117040","https://openalex.org/W2143513387","https://openalex.org/W2147132328","https://openalex.org/W2148913959","https://openalex.org/W2151012298","https://openalex.org/W2154866766","https://openalex.org/W2156477602","https://openalex.org/W2159735351","https://openalex.org/W2161091531","https://openalex.org/W2161381314","https://openalex.org/W2168532666","https://openalex.org/W2169975370","https://openalex.org/W2171431356","https://openalex.org/W2318737198","https://openalex.org/W2320170572","https://openalex.org/W2335587520","https://openalex.org/W3102229116","https://openalex.org/W3103212563","https://openalex.org/W6659460031"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W2349383066","https://openalex.org/W1969901537","https://openalex.org/W4328132048","https://openalex.org/W4308259661","https://openalex.org/W1639545646","https://openalex.org/W2376202349"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mini":[0],"and":[1,29,33,36,44,61,101],"micro":[2,60],"robots,":[3],"which":[4],"can":[5],"swim":[6],"in":[7],"an":[8,71],"underwater":[9],"environment,":[10],"have":[11],"drawn":[12],"widespread":[13],"research":[14],"interests":[15],"because":[16],"of":[17,31,46,49,79,103],"their":[18],"potential":[19],"applicability":[20],"to":[21,58],"the":[22,41,54,59,63,94,104],"medical":[23],"or":[24],"biological":[25],"fields,":[26,85],"including":[27,77],"delivery":[28],"transportation":[30],"bio-materials":[32],"drugs,":[34],"bio-sensing,":[35],"bio-surgery.":[37],"This":[38],"paper":[39],"reviews":[40],"recent":[42],"ideas":[43],"developments":[45],"these":[47],"types":[48],"self-propelling":[50],"devices,":[51],"ranging":[52],"from":[53],"millimeter":[55],"scale":[56],"down":[57],"even":[62],"nano":[64],"scale.":[65],"Specifically,":[66],"this":[67],"review":[68],"article":[69],"makes":[70],"emphasis":[72],"on":[73],"various":[74],"propulsion":[75],"principles,":[76],"methods":[78],"utilizing":[80],"smart":[81],"actuators,":[82],"external":[83],"magnetic/electric/acoustic":[84],"bacteria,":[86],"chemical":[87],"reactions,":[88],"etc.":[89],"In":[90],"addition,":[91],"we":[92],"compare":[93],"propelling":[95],"speed":[96],"range,":[97],"directional":[98],"control":[99],"schemes,":[100],"advantages":[102],"above":[105],"principles.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
