{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130448689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make8020047","title":"Novel Loss Functions for Improved Data Visualization in t-SNE","display_name":"Novel Loss Functions for Improved Data Visualization in t-SNE","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130448689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make8020047"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make8020047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make8020047","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make8020047","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sara Nassar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8279-2771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sara Nassar","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Gate 8, Doha P.O. Box 5825, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8279-2771","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Gate 8, Doha P.O. Box 5825, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053495468","display_name":"Rachid Hedjam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9065-9591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113281461","display_name":"Bishop's University","ror":"https://ror.org/051prj435","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113281461"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachid Hedjam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Bishop\u2019s University, 2600 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z7, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9065-9591","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Bishop\u2019s University, 2600 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113281461"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123967700","display_name":"Samir Brahim Belhaouari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samir Brahim Belhaouari","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Gate 8, Doha P.O. Box 5825, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2336-0490","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Gate 8, Doha P.O. Box 5825, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30347534,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"47","last_page":"47"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12536","display_name":"Topological and Geometric Data Analysis","score":0.28139999508857727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12536","display_name":"Topological and Geometric Data Analysis","score":0.28139999508857727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.1412999927997589,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.12309999763965607,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.7677000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","score":0.7199000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.4851999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.4625999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kullback\u2013leibler-divergence","display_name":"Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence","score":0.44519999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.42590001225471497}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.7677000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7199000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5131000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.4851999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4814000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4625999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171752962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255166","display_name":"Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence","level":2,"score":0.44519999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.42590001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4049000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.3659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.36169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21080849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13611879","display_name":"Data point","level":2,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988382989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370685","display_name":"Data space","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116409475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385056","display_name":"External Data Representation","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make8020047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make8020047","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:59b50628c08b4d4482e815acfdfa77b1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/59b50628c08b4d4482e815acfdfa77b1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol 8, Iss 2, p 47 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make8020047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make8020047","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.782322347164154}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2605075402","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GSRA9-L-1-0512-22011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","funder_display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/01svaqq28"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972978214","https://openalex.org/W2051224630","https://openalex.org/W2132883347","https://openalex.org/W2294798173","https://openalex.org/W2735418187","https://openalex.org/W2889326414","https://openalex.org/W2989747508","https://openalex.org/W4206471589","https://openalex.org/W4255375128","https://openalex.org/W4284880476","https://openalex.org/W4391878209","https://openalex.org/W4409885565","https://openalex.org/W4412888815"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"popular":[1],"method":[2],"for":[3],"projecting":[4],"high-dimensional":[5],"data":[6],"onto":[7],"a":[8,89],"lower-dimensional":[9],"space":[10,150],"while":[11],"preserving":[12],"the":[13,27,33,38,84,95,110,114,119,124,148],"integrity":[14],"of":[15,64,97,130],"its":[16],"structure":[17],"is":[18,45],"t-distributed":[19],"Stochastic":[20],"Neighbor":[21],"Embedding":[22],"(t-SNE).":[23],"This":[24],"technique":[25],"minimizes":[26],"Kullback\u2013Leibler":[28],"(KL)":[29],"divergence":[30,86,112],"to":[31,121,140,152],"align":[32],"similarities":[34,99],"between":[35,58],"points":[36],"in":[37,55,147],"original":[39,85],"and":[40,61,126,143],"reduced":[41],"spaces.":[42],"While":[43],"t-SNE":[44],"highly":[46],"effective,":[47],"it":[48],"prioritizes":[49],"local":[50],"neighborhood":[51],"preservation,":[52],"which":[53,93],"results":[54,134],"limited":[56],"separation":[57,142],"distant":[59],"clusters":[60],"inadequate":[62],"representation":[63],"global":[65],"relationships.":[66],"To":[67],"improve":[68],"these":[69,137],"limitations,":[70],"this":[71],"work":[72],"introduces":[73],"two":[74],"complementary":[75],"approaches:":[76],"(1)":[77],"The":[78,105],"Max-Flipped":[79],"KL":[80,111],"Divergence":[81],"(KLmax)":[82],"modifies":[83],"by":[87],"incorporating":[88],"contrastive":[90],"term,":[91],"KL\u2032,":[92],"enhances":[94],"ranking":[96],"point":[98],"through":[100],"maximum":[101],"similarity":[102],"constraints.":[103],"(2)":[104],"KL-Wasserstein":[106],"Loss":[107],"(LKL\u2212W)":[108],"combines":[109],"with":[113],"classic":[115],"Wasserstein":[116,131],"distance,":[117],"allowing":[118],"embedding":[120],"benefit":[122],"from":[123],"smooth":[125],"geometry-aware":[127],"transport":[128],"properties":[129],"metrics.":[132],"Experimental":[133],"show":[135],"that":[136],"methods":[138],"lead":[139],"improved":[141],"better":[144],"structural":[145],"clarity":[146],"low-dimensional":[149],"compared":[151],"standard":[153],"t-SNE.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-02-19T00:00:00"}
