{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413160539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make7030082","title":"Multilayer Perceptron Mapping of Subjective Time Duration onto Mental Imagery Vividness and Underlying Brain Dynamics: A Neural Cognitive Modeling Approach","display_name":"Multilayer Perceptron Mapping of Subjective Time Duration onto Mental Imagery Vividness and Underlying Brain Dynamics: A Neural Cognitive Modeling Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413160539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make7030082"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make7030082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make7030082","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/7/3/82/pdf?version=1755224228","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/7/3/82/pdf?version=1755224228","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119285917","display_name":"Matthew Sheculski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Sheculski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neuroscience of Imagination Cognition and Emotion Research (NICER) Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuroscience of Imagination Cognition and Emotion Research (NICER) Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003718052","display_name":"Amedeo D\u2019Angiulli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8295-9850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799330578","display_name":"Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario","ror":"https://ror.org/05nsbhw27","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799330578"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amedeo D\u2019Angiulli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada","Neuroscience of Imagination Cognition and Emotion Research (NICER) Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada","Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8295-9850","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799330578"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuroscience of Imagination Cognition and Emotion Research (NICER) Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799330578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003718052"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799330578","https://openalex.org/I67031392"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.0426,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78339303,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"3","first_page":"82","last_page":"82"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5888288617134094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duration","display_name":"Duration (music)","score":0.4994471073150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamics","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","score":0.49670320749282837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-image","display_name":"Mental image","score":0.4921543002128601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4917941391468048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.4915340840816498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4681083858013153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-correlates-of-consciousness","display_name":"Neural correlates of consciousness","score":0.44841471314430237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.4394264221191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4364587664604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroimaging","display_name":"Neuroimaging","score":0.41021350026130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.35774827003479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.20407330989837646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.05959835648536682}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5888288617134094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.4994471073150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.49670320749282837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4051589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860959","display_name":"Mental image","level":3,"score":0.4921543002128601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4917941391468048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4915340840816498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4681083858013153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129564537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460873","display_name":"Neural correlates of consciousness","level":3,"score":0.44841471314430237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4394264221191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4364587664604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.41021350026130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35774827003479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.20407330989837646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.05959835648536682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make7030082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make7030082","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/7/3/82/pdf?version=1755224228","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e1b30239530749de9355f5f8f06cdef2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e1b30239530749de9355f5f8f06cdef2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol 7, Iss 3, p 82 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make7030082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make7030082","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/7/3/82/pdf?version=1755224228","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413160539.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413160539.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41653748","https://openalex.org/W560138998","https://openalex.org/W1760829075","https://openalex.org/W1964457042","https://openalex.org/W2005933475","https://openalex.org/W2019370496","https://openalex.org/W2019598563","https://openalex.org/W2035095506","https://openalex.org/W2055345898","https://openalex.org/W2060326506","https://openalex.org/W2066208486","https://openalex.org/W2070484080","https://openalex.org/W2086862929","https://openalex.org/W2092050358","https://openalex.org/W2094916668","https://openalex.org/W2097180914","https://openalex.org/W2103496339","https://openalex.org/W2116658855","https://openalex.org/W2126666119","https://openalex.org/W2129624700","https://openalex.org/W2135176444","https://openalex.org/W2136435696","https://openalex.org/W2160711441","https://openalex.org/W2162010696","https://openalex.org/W2167984680","https://openalex.org/W2276275925","https://openalex.org/W2480857736","https://openalex.org/W2498360651","https://openalex.org/W2503255986","https://openalex.org/W2743443295","https://openalex.org/W2764091523","https://openalex.org/W2904222594","https://openalex.org/W2923323049","https://openalex.org/W2945417955","https://openalex.org/W2945727247","https://openalex.org/W2949843842","https://openalex.org/W2952514366","https://openalex.org/W2989074529","https://openalex.org/W2997604048","https://openalex.org/W3046304624","https://openalex.org/W3160117525","https://openalex.org/W3164579439","https://openalex.org/W3169379654","https://openalex.org/W3174205044","https://openalex.org/W3189057580","https://openalex.org/W3196045945","https://openalex.org/W4205134630","https://openalex.org/W4210400580","https://openalex.org/W4212926791","https://openalex.org/W4226153498","https://openalex.org/W4236534172","https://openalex.org/W4238991252","https://openalex.org/W4384107075","https://openalex.org/W4387823235","https://openalex.org/W4410616009","https://openalex.org/W6655329314","https://openalex.org/W6715673360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2348837382","https://openalex.org/W746329893","https://openalex.org/W4205872570","https://openalex.org/W4245971243","https://openalex.org/W4413060266","https://openalex.org/W1922805944","https://openalex.org/W2327340211","https://openalex.org/W4253588120","https://openalex.org/W2383732295","https://openalex.org/W2061815080"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"According":[0],"to":[1,45,78,201,238],"a":[2,50,108,130,270,274],"recent":[3],"experimental":[4,279],"phenomenology\u2013information":[5],"processing":[6],"theory,":[7],"the":[8,22,30,47,61,143,239,266,288,293,299,305,316],"sensory":[9],"strength,":[10],"or":[11],"vividness,":[12],"of":[13,32,34,41,64,70,83,123,139,155,167,261,269],"visual":[14,194],"mental":[15,36],"images":[16],"self-reported":[17,72],"by":[18,193],"human":[19],"observers":[20],"reflects":[21],"intensive":[23],"variation":[24],"in":[25,209],"subjective":[26,65,161,170,262],"time":[27,66,132,162,171,263],"duration":[28,67],"during":[29],"process":[31],"generation":[33],"said":[35],"imagery.":[37],"The":[38,119,151],"primary":[39],"objective":[40,76],"this":[42,81],"study":[43,255],"was":[44,77,219],"test":[46],"hypothesis":[48],"that":[49,304],"biologically":[51],"plausible":[52,93],"essential":[53],"multilayer":[54],"perceptron":[55,116],"(MLP)":[56],"architecture":[57],"can":[58,89],"validly":[59],"map":[60],"phenomenological":[62],"categories":[63,172,264],"onto":[68,265],"levels":[69,125,157,260],"subjectively":[71],"vividness.":[73],"A":[74,134],"secondary":[75],"explore":[79],"whether":[80],"type":[82],"neural":[84,306],"network":[85,117,291,296,301,313,319],"cognitive":[86],"modeling":[87],"approach":[88],"give":[90],"insight":[91],"into":[92],"underlying":[94,308],"large-scale":[95],"brain":[96],"dynamics.":[97],"To":[98],"achieve":[99],"these":[100],"objectives,":[101],"vividness":[102,127,196],"self-reports":[103,128],"and":[104,129,147,214,232,250,298],"reaction":[105,131],"times":[106],"from":[107],"previously":[109],"collected":[110],"database":[111],"were":[112,191,236],"reanalyzed":[113],"using":[114],"multilayered":[115],"models.":[118],"input":[120],"layer":[121,137,153],"consisted":[122,138,154],"six":[124],"representing":[126,142,158],"cofactor.":[133],"single":[135],"hidden":[136,241],"three":[140],"nodes":[141],"salience,":[144],"task":[145,289],"positive,":[146],"default":[148,294],"mode":[149,295],"networks.":[150],"output":[152],"five":[156,259],"Vittorio":[159],"Benussi\u2019s":[160,169,258],"categories.":[163],"Across":[164],"different":[165],"models":[166],"networks,":[168],"(Level":[173],"1":[174,198],"=":[175,179,182,185,188],"very":[176,189],"brief,":[177,180],"2":[178],"3":[181],"present,":[183],"4":[184],"long,":[186],"5":[187,202],"long)":[190],"predicted":[192],"imagery":[195],"level":[197,218],"(=no":[199],"image)":[200],"(=very":[203],"vivid)":[204],"with":[205],"over":[206],"90%":[207],"success":[208],"classification":[210],"accuracy,":[211],"precision,":[212],"recall,":[213],"F1-score.":[215],"This":[216,254],"accuracy":[217],"maintained":[220],"after":[221],"5-fold":[222],"cross":[223],"validation.":[224],"Linear":[225],"regressions,":[226],"Welch\u2019s":[227],"t-test":[228],"for":[229,247,278],"independent":[230],"coefficients,":[231],"Pearson\u2019s":[233],"correlation":[234,249],"analysis":[235],"applied":[237],"resulting":[240],"node":[242],"weight":[243],"vectors,":[244],"obtaining":[245],"evidence":[246],"strong":[248],"anticorrelation":[251],"between":[252,287],"nodes.":[253],"successfully":[256],"mapped":[257],"activation":[267],"patterns":[268],"simple":[271],"MLP,":[272],"providing":[273],"novel":[275],"computational":[276],"framework":[277],"phenomenology.":[280],"Our":[281],"results":[282],"revealed":[283],"structured,":[284],"complex":[285],"dynamics":[286],"positive":[290],"(TPN),":[292],"(DMN),":[297],"salience":[300],"(SN),":[302],"suggesting":[303],"mechanisms":[307],"temporal":[309],"consciousness":[310],"involve":[311],"flexible":[312],"interactions":[314],"beyond":[315],"traditional":[317],"triple":[318],"model.":[320]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-15T08:34:33.830935","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}