{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408120544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make7010023","title":"Multimodal Deep Learning for Android Malware Classification","display_name":"Multimodal Deep Learning for Android Malware Classification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408120544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make7010023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make7010023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make7010023","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/7/1/23/pdf?version=1740982525","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/7/1/23/pdf?version=1740982525","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020173692","display_name":"James Arrowsmith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9205-4190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51158804","display_name":"Massey University","ror":"https://ror.org/052czxv31","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James Arrowsmith","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9857-0873","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037915797","display_name":"Teo Su\u0161njak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9416-1435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51158804","display_name":"Massey University","ror":"https://ror.org/052czxv31","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teo Susnjak","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9416-1435","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007979944","display_name":"Julian Jang\u2010Jaccard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1002-057X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51158804","display_name":"Massey University","ror":"https://ror.org/052czxv31","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Jang-Jaccard","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1002-057X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020173692"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":10.3431,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98490128,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"23","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12799","display_name":"Mobile and Web Applications","score":0.9617000222206116,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android-malware","display_name":"Android malware","score":0.8047295212745667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.6598308086395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6340831518173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.6086353659629822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5486453771591187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4184541404247284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3525293469429016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.26084962487220764}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989133298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android malware","level":3,"score":0.8047295212745667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.6598308086395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6340831518173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.6086353659629822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5486453771591187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4184541404247284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3525293469429016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.26084962487220764}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make7010023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make7010023","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/7/1/23/pdf?version=1740982525","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7eec08de0ba3414f8cc18a72d6a3db11","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7eec08de0ba3414f8cc18a72d6a3db11","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol 7, Iss 1, p 23 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make7010023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make7010023","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/7/1/23/pdf?version=1740982525","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8952932116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MAUX1912","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321983","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321983","display_name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","ror":"https://ror.org/02jtq1b51"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408120544.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1553801604","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W2010065958","https://openalex.org/W2012132268","https://openalex.org/W2024170198","https://openalex.org/W2045140281","https://openalex.org/W2092942461","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2115629999","https://openalex.org/W2133297572","https://openalex.org/W2158874007","https://openalex.org/W2158875652","https://openalex.org/W2162931300","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2167055186","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2267635142","https://openalex.org/W2407313496","https://openalex.org/W2519887557","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2558748708","https://openalex.org/W2575599800","https://openalex.org/W2601305972","https://openalex.org/W2618851150","https://openalex.org/W2619383789","https://openalex.org/W2754152340","https://openalex.org/W2767290858","https://openalex.org/W2783348159","https://openalex.org/W2787056259","https://openalex.org/W2804057010","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2885070483","https://openalex.org/W2889100747","https://openalex.org/W2889326414","https://openalex.org/W2900275727","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2943383044","https://openalex.org/W2945715997","https://openalex.org/W2949676527","https://openalex.org/W2951659295","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2962949934","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W3025067198","https://openalex.org/W3035333188","https://openalex.org/W3038275207","https://openalex.org/W3095602948","https://openalex.org/W3105429705","https://openalex.org/W3105657048","https://openalex.org/W3115449059","https://openalex.org/W3118310289","https://openalex.org/W3126371003","https://openalex.org/W3147879240","https://openalex.org/W3153504813","https://openalex.org/W3157639148","https://openalex.org/W3159337037","https://openalex.org/W3201749075","https://openalex.org/W3205163562","https://openalex.org/W3214641118","https://openalex.org/W4206038774","https://openalex.org/W4221166942","https://openalex.org/W4280590592","https://openalex.org/W4294558607","https://openalex.org/W4297099979","https://openalex.org/W4306316917","https://openalex.org/W4385452232","https://openalex.org/W4388938950","https://openalex.org/W4391490175","https://openalex.org/W4391558398","https://openalex.org/W4402056280","https://openalex.org/W4402305591","https://openalex.org/W6738964360","https://openalex.org/W6761665040","https://openalex.org/W6784694379","https://openalex.org/W6787451327","https://openalex.org/W6801504952","https://openalex.org/W6838753948","https://openalex.org/W6850093540","https://openalex.org/W6871748945"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2560361988","https://openalex.org/W2507113366","https://openalex.org/W2591124010","https://openalex.org/W3200508744","https://openalex.org/W3025122950","https://openalex.org/W2311926078","https://openalex.org/W2895504842","https://openalex.org/W4281384336","https://openalex.org/W2717179875","https://openalex.org/W4249118297"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,34,110,123],"integration":[4],"of":[5,113,119,125],"diverse":[6],"data":[7],"modalities":[8,39,114],"within":[9],"deep":[10],"learning":[11],"ensembles":[12],"for":[13,109,122],"Android":[14,17],"malware":[15],"classification.":[16],"applications":[18,120],"can":[19],"be":[20],"represented":[21],"as":[22],"binary":[23],"images":[24],"and":[25,45,76,121],"function":[26],"call":[27],"graphs,":[28],"each":[29],"offering":[30],"complementary":[31],"perspectives":[32],"on":[33,104],"executable.":[35],"We":[36],"synthesise":[37],"these":[38],"by":[40,96],"combining":[41],"predictions":[42],"from":[43],"convolutional":[44],"graph":[46],"neural":[47],"networks":[48],"with":[49,73,79,91],"a":[50,70,77],"multilayer":[51],"perceptron.":[52],"Empirical":[53],"results":[54],"demonstrate":[55],"that":[56,127],"multimodal":[57],"models":[58],"outperform":[59],"their":[60],"unimodal":[61],"counterparts":[62],"while":[63],"remaining":[64],"highly":[65],"efficient.":[66],"For":[67],"instance,":[68],"integrating":[69],"plain":[71],"CNN":[72],"83.1%":[74],"accuracy":[75,81,84],"GCN":[78],"80.6%":[80],"boosts":[82],"overall":[83],"to":[85,100,115],"88.3%.":[86],"DenseNet-GIN":[87],"achieves":[88],"90.6%":[89],"accuracy,":[90],"no":[92],"further":[93],"improvement":[94],"obtained":[95],"expanding":[97],"this":[98,130],"ensemble":[99],"four":[101],"models.":[102],"Based":[103],"our":[105],"findings,":[106],"we":[107],"advocate":[108],"flexible":[111],"development":[112],"capture":[116],"distinct":[117],"aspects":[118],"design":[124],"algorithms":[126],"effectively":[128],"integrate":[129],"information.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-18T10:00:31.954636","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
