{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407192178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make7010012","title":"Advancing AI Interpretability in Medical Imaging: A Comparative Analysis of Pixel-Level Interpretability and Grad-CAM Models","display_name":"Advancing AI Interpretability in Medical Imaging: A Comparative Analysis of Pixel-Level Interpretability and Grad-CAM Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407192178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make7010012"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make7010012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make7010012","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/7/1/12/pdf?version=1738849917","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/7/1/12/pdf?version=1738849917","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013210652","display_name":"Mohammad Ennab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7117-6271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104914703","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi","ror":"https://ror.org/00y3hzd62","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104914703","https://openalex.org/I49663120"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Ennab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences and Mathematics, University of Qu\u00e9bec at Chicoutimi, 555 Bd de l\u2019Universit\u00e9, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7117-6271","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences and Mathematics, University of Qu\u00e9bec at Chicoutimi, 555 Bd de l\u2019Universit\u00e9, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104914703"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058398832","display_name":"Hamid Mcheick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2589-8609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104914703","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi","ror":"https://ror.org/00y3hzd62","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104914703","https://openalex.org/I49663120"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamid Mcheick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences and Mathematics, University of Qu\u00e9bec at Chicoutimi, 555 Bd de l\u2019Universit\u00e9, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences and Mathematics, University of Qu\u00e9bec at Chicoutimi, 555 Bd de l\u2019Universit\u00e9, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104914703"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013210652"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104914703"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":139.0885,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":81,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99979748,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"12","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.9882557988166809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5435431599617004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4894634485244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.403199166059494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.354974627494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3447299003601074}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.9882557988166809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5435431599617004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4894634485244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.403199166059494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.354974627494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3447299003601074}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make7010012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make7010012","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/7/1/12/pdf?version=1738849917","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8ff8355477754610bcee4f48f238058d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8ff8355477754610bcee4f48f238058d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol 7, Iss 1, p 12 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make7010012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make7010012","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/7/1/12/pdf?version=1738849917","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407192178.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407192178.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W2052245719","https://openalex.org/W2065051507","https://openalex.org/W2071516467","https://openalex.org/W2077885684","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2788403449","https://openalex.org/W2888487581","https://openalex.org/W2898138693","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2973136764","https://openalex.org/W3007549203","https://openalex.org/W3025394897","https://openalex.org/W3036652698","https://openalex.org/W3037158619","https://openalex.org/W3082139201","https://openalex.org/W3102564565","https://openalex.org/W3108932871","https://openalex.org/W3109178522","https://openalex.org/W3120013103","https://openalex.org/W3127943997","https://openalex.org/W3134673757","https://openalex.org/W3135096391","https://openalex.org/W3135502353","https://openalex.org/W3138961261","https://openalex.org/W3155454807","https://openalex.org/W3174686361","https://openalex.org/W3195636772","https://openalex.org/W3201641319","https://openalex.org/W4211007335","https://openalex.org/W4283065713","https://openalex.org/W4283521686","https://openalex.org/W4290480210","https://openalex.org/W4309630525","https://openalex.org/W4315783731","https://openalex.org/W4317103438","https://openalex.org/W4323073185","https://openalex.org/W4362471909","https://openalex.org/W4380201339","https://openalex.org/W4387008227","https://openalex.org/W4387640553","https://openalex.org/W4391494217","https://openalex.org/W4394597726","https://openalex.org/W4396759088","https://openalex.org/W4396828329","https://openalex.org/W4399433746","https://openalex.org/W4404817209","https://openalex.org/W4405674460","https://openalex.org/W6841236796"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,190],"study":[1],"introduces":[2],"the":[3,52,155,210,221],"Pixel-Level":[4],"Interpretability":[5],"(PLI)":[6],"model,":[7],"a":[8,195,229],"novel":[9],"framework":[10],"designed":[11],"to":[12,31,81,137,165,183,219],"address":[13],"critical":[14],"limitations":[15],"in":[16,115,201,225,234],"medical":[17],"imaging":[18],"diagnostics":[19],"by":[20],"enhancing":[21],"model":[22,203],"transparency":[23,204],"and":[24,41,45,58,79,84,104,130,168,205,214,227],"diagnostic":[25,98,143],"accuracy.":[26],"The":[27,49,86,107],"primary":[28],"objective":[29],"is":[30],"evaluate":[32],"PLI\u2019s":[33],"performance":[34,91],"against":[35],"Gradient-Weighted":[36],"Class":[37],"Activation":[38],"Mapping":[39],"(Grad-CAM)":[40],"achieve":[42],"fine-grained":[43],"interpretability":[44,213],"improved":[46],"localization":[47],"precision.":[48],"methodology":[50],"leverages":[51],"VGG19":[53],"convolutional":[54],"neural":[55],"network":[56],"architecture":[57],"utilizes":[59],"three":[60],"publicly":[61],"available":[62],"COVID-19":[63],"chest":[64],"radiograph":[65],"datasets,":[66],"consisting":[67],"of":[68,212,223],"over":[69],"1000":[70],"labeled":[71],"images,":[72],"which":[73],"were":[74],"preprocessed":[75],"through":[76],"resizing,":[77],"normalization,":[78],"augmentation":[80],"ensure":[82],"robustness":[83],"generalizability.":[85],"experiments":[87],"focused":[88],"on":[89],"key":[90],"metrics,":[92],"including":[93],"interpretability,":[94],"structural":[95],"similarity":[96],"(SSIM),":[97],"precision,":[99],"mean":[100],"squared":[101],"error":[102],"(MSE),":[103],"computational":[105,147],"efficiency.":[106,148],"results":[108],"demonstrate":[109],"that":[110,176],"PLI":[111,119,171,193,217],"significantly":[112],"outperforms":[113],"Grad-CAM":[114],"all":[116],"measured":[117],"dimensions.":[118],"produced":[120],"detailed":[121],"pixel-level":[122],"heatmaps":[123],"with":[124,178,187],"higher":[125,188],"SSIM":[126],"scores,":[127],"reduced":[128],"MSE,":[129],"faster":[131],"inference":[132],"times,":[133],"showcasing":[134],"its":[135],"ability":[136],"provide":[138],"granular":[139],"insights":[140],"into":[141],"localized":[142],"features":[144],"while":[145],"maintaining":[146],"In":[149],"contrast,":[150],"Grad-CAM\u2019s":[151],"explanations":[152],"often":[153],"lack":[154],"granularity":[156],"required":[157],"for":[158,198,231],"clinical":[159,179,206],"reliability.":[160],"By":[161,208],"integrating":[162],"fuzzy":[163],"logic":[164],"enhance":[166],"visual":[167],"numerical":[169],"explanations,":[170],"can":[172],"deliver":[173],"interpretable":[174],"outputs":[175],"align":[177],"expectations,":[180],"enabling":[181],"practitioners":[182],"make":[184],"informed":[185],"decisions":[186],"confidence.":[189],"work":[191],"establishes":[192],"as":[194],"robust":[196],"tool":[197],"bridging":[199],"gaps":[200],"AI":[202,224],"usability.":[207],"addressing":[209],"challenges":[211],"accuracy":[215],"simultaneously,":[216],"contributes":[218],"advancing":[220],"integration":[222],"healthcare":[226],"sets":[228],"foundation":[230],"broader":[232],"applications":[233],"other":[235],"high-stake":[236],"domains.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":45}],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T09:24:06.705377","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}