{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403188196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040111","title":"Empowering Brain Tumor Diagnosis through Explainable Deep Learning","display_name":"Empowering Brain Tumor Diagnosis through Explainable Deep Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403188196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040111"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6040111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040111","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102767398","display_name":"Zhengkun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9724-3057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153668","display_name":"Wenzhou-Kean University","ror":"https://ror.org/05609xa16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153668"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47449453","display_name":"Kean University","ror":"https://ror.org/04wzzqn13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47449453"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengkun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Center, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Rd, Ouhai, Wenzhou 325060, China","Department of Computer Science, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union County, NJ 07083, USA","Department of Computer Science, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Rd, Ouhai, Wenzhou 325060, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Center, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Rd, Ouhai, Wenzhou 325060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153668"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union County, NJ 07083, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47449453"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Rd, Ouhai, Wenzhou 325060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153668"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002322637","display_name":"Omar Dib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1372-0851"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47449453","display_name":"Kean University","ror":"https://ror.org/04wzzqn13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47449453"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153668","display_name":"Wenzhou-Kean University","ror":"https://ror.org/05609xa16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153668"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Omar Dib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Center, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Rd, Ouhai, Wenzhou 325060, China","Department of Computer Science, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union County, NJ 07083, USA","Department of Computer Science, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Rd, Ouhai, Wenzhou 325060, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Center, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Rd, Ouhai, Wenzhou 325060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153668"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union County, NJ 07083, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47449453"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Rd, Ouhai, Wenzhou 325060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153668"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002322637"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153668","https://openalex.org/I47449453"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":5.5436,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96395886,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"2248","last_page":"2281"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-tumor","display_name":"Brain tumor","score":0.4984774589538574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4660920202732086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.37348097562789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3615003526210785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.35159170627593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.35037559270858765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34740695357322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.1762372851371765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779130545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233309","display_name":"Brain tumor","level":2,"score":0.4984774589538574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4660920202732086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.37348097562789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3615003526210785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.35159170627593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35037559270858765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34740695357322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.1762372851371765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6040111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f91c23a80b07476586f515ff81921958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f91c23a80b07476586f515ff81921958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol 6, Iss 4, Pp 2248-2281 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6040111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998064445","https://openalex.org/W2142317660","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2366536035","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2807193788","https://openalex.org/W2898280479","https://openalex.org/W2919356958","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2972838422","https://openalex.org/W2993241903","https://openalex.org/W3007726312","https://openalex.org/W3025885500","https://openalex.org/W3102564565","https://openalex.org/W3118817917","https://openalex.org/W3159799042","https://openalex.org/W3197574523","https://openalex.org/W3201496386","https://openalex.org/W3215385738","https://openalex.org/W4210590243","https://openalex.org/W4214701159","https://openalex.org/W4281682624","https://openalex.org/W4283330963","https://openalex.org/W4283585902","https://openalex.org/W4296990128","https://openalex.org/W4307112373","https://openalex.org/W4309472441","https://openalex.org/W4313427880","https://openalex.org/W4318479026","https://openalex.org/W4319598830","https://openalex.org/W4320917976","https://openalex.org/W4322492185","https://openalex.org/W4323021340","https://openalex.org/W4365813716","https://openalex.org/W4383501414","https://openalex.org/W4385437200","https://openalex.org/W4385448730","https://openalex.org/W4386780962","https://openalex.org/W4387704721","https://openalex.org/W4387745623","https://openalex.org/W4387938897","https://openalex.org/W4388925158","https://openalex.org/W4390189246","https://openalex.org/W4390607226","https://openalex.org/W4392699793","https://openalex.org/W4392981896","https://openalex.org/W4396742831","https://openalex.org/W6788496149","https://openalex.org/W6843528383","https://openalex.org/W6964665992"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4285208911","https://openalex.org/W3082895349","https://openalex.org/W4213079790","https://openalex.org/W2248239756","https://openalex.org/W4323565446"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Brain":[0,161],"tumors":[1],"are":[2,68,187],"among":[3],"the":[4,23,55,113,148,196],"most":[5,24],"lethal":[6],"diseases,":[7],"and":[8,58,90,115,120,133,177,209],"early":[9,28],"detection":[10,31],"is":[11,22,48,144],"crucial":[12],"for":[13,27,38,99,182],"improving":[14],"patient":[15],"outcomes.":[16],"Currently,":[17],"magnetic":[18],"resonance":[19],"imaging":[20,36],"(MRI)":[21],"effective":[25],"method":[26],"brain":[29,45,101],"tumor":[30,102,153],"due":[32],"to":[33,50,123,131,146],"its":[34,171],"superior":[35],"quality":[37],"soft":[39],"tissues.":[40],"However,":[41],"manual":[42],"analysis":[43],"of":[44],"MRI":[46,156],"scans":[47],"prone":[49],"errors,":[51],"largely":[52],"influenced":[53],"by":[54],"radiologists\u2019":[56],"experience":[57],"fatigue.":[59],"To":[60,127],"address":[61,128],"these":[62],"challenges,":[63],"computer-aided":[64],"diagnosis":[65],"(CAD)":[66],"systems":[67],"more":[69],"significant.":[70],"These":[71],"advanced":[72],"computer":[73],"vision":[74],"techniques":[75],"such":[76],"as":[77,112],"deep":[78,109,136],"learning":[79,110,137],"provide":[80],"accurate":[81],"predictions":[82],"based":[83],"on":[84],"medical":[85],"images,":[86],"enhancing":[87],"diagnostic":[88],"precision":[89],"reliability.":[91],"This":[92],"paper":[93],"presents":[94],"a":[95,159,179,190],"novel":[96],"CAD":[97],"framework":[98,105,198],"multi-class":[100],"classification.":[103],"The":[104],"employs":[106],"six":[107],"pre-trained":[108],"models":[111],"base":[114],"incorporates":[116],"comprehensive":[117],"data":[118],"preprocessing":[119],"augmentation":[121],"strategies":[122],"enhance":[124],"computational":[125],"efficiency.":[126],"issues":[129],"related":[130],"transparency":[132],"interpretability":[134],"in":[135,152,174,206],"models,":[138],"Gradient-weighted":[139],"Class":[140],"Activation":[141],"Mapping":[142],"(Grad-CAM)":[143],"utilized":[145],"visualize":[147],"decision-making":[149],"processes":[150],"involved":[151],"classification":[154],"from":[155,189],"scans.":[157],"Additionally,":[158],"user-friendly":[160],"Tumor":[162],"Detection":[163],"System":[164],"has":[165],"been":[166],"developed":[167],"using":[168],"Streamlit,":[169],"demonstrating":[170],"practical":[172],"applicability":[173],"real-world":[175],"settings":[176],"providing":[178],"valuable":[180],"tool":[181],"clinicians.":[183],"All":[184],"simulation":[185],"results":[186],"derived":[188],"public":[191],"benchmark":[192],"dataset,":[193],"showing":[194],"that":[195],"proposed":[197],"achieves":[199],"state-of-the-art":[200],"performance,":[201],"with":[202],"accuracy":[203],"approaching":[204],"99%":[205],"ResNet-50,":[207],"Xception,":[208],"InceptionV3":[210],"models.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}