{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402986861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040109","title":"Not in My Face: Challenges and Ethical Considerations in Automatic Face Emotion Recognition Technology","display_name":"Not in My Face: Challenges and Ethical Considerations in Automatic Face Emotion Recognition Technology","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402986861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040109"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6040109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040109","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022203162","display_name":"Martina Mattioli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1420-9946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","display_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzxz566","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martina Mattioli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Polytechnic University of Turin, 10138 Turin, Italy","Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca\u2019 Foscari University, 30172 Venice, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Polytechnic University of Turin, 10138 Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca\u2019 Foscari University, 30172 Venice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023849668","display_name":"Federico Cabitza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4065-3415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102377","display_name":"Istituto Clinico Sant'Ambrogio","ror":"https://ror.org/00r7hs904","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102377"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federico Cabitza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy","IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi-Sant\u2019Ambrogio, 20157 Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi-Sant\u2019Ambrogio, 20157 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102377"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022203162"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666","https://openalex.org/I177477856"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":5.4319,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96875801,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"2201","last_page":"2231"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.7613741159439087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6284162998199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4484154284000397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-to-face","display_name":"Face-to-face","score":0.4356768727302551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-recognition-grand-challenge","display_name":"Face Recognition Grand Challenge","score":0.4265058636665344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.33333516120910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.3330800235271454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.32991817593574524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.27425551414489746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.26856905221939087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.22655948996543884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.22422611713409424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.18869394063949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17398813366889954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.16408658027648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.11072725057601929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.7613741159439087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6284162998199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4484154284000397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777359053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2463823","display_name":"Face-to-face","level":2,"score":0.4356768727302551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191070858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428343","display_name":"Face Recognition Grand Challenge","level":5,"score":0.4265058636665344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.33333516120910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3330800235271454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32991817593574524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.27425551414489746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.26856905221939087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.22655948996543884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.22422611713409424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.18869394063949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17398813366889954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.16408658027648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.11072725057601929}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6040109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:boa.unimib.it:10281/530282","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10281/530282","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401259","display_name":"BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:75a740c868f84b01923288f19c4787b1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/75a740c868f84b01923288f19c4787b1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol 6, Iss 4, Pp 2201-2231 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unive.it:10278/5077781","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10278/5077781","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402336","display_name":"ARCA (Universit\u00e0 Ca' Foscari Venezia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","host_organization_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6040109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":121,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1576028559","https://openalex.org/W1970202088","https://openalex.org/W1975238145","https://openalex.org/W1975731691","https://openalex.org/W1990298425","https://openalex.org/W1998721035","https://openalex.org/W2002948879","https://openalex.org/W2003238582","https://openalex.org/W2003653478","https://openalex.org/W2019608648","https://openalex.org/W2035941748","https://openalex.org/W2041616772","https://openalex.org/W2043181832","https://openalex.org/W2045234652","https://openalex.org/W2045472600","https://openalex.org/W2045826950","https://openalex.org/W2047504980","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2061504941","https://openalex.org/W2074716497","https://openalex.org/W2078266471","https://openalex.org/W2103153725","https://openalex.org/W2103943262","https://openalex.org/W2105439391","https://openalex.org/W2106947945","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2110364951","https://openalex.org/W2110957653","https://openalex.org/W2111549476","https://openalex.org/W2111855981","https://openalex.org/W2137071639","https://openalex.org/W2143120544","https://openalex.org/W2149129787","https://openalex.org/W2149628368","https://openalex.org/W2150283722","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2198119840","https://openalex.org/W2244142460","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2470150531","https://openalex.org/W2538626945","https://openalex.org/W2547246052","https://openalex.org/W2631440968","https://openalex.org/W2713788831","https://openalex.org/W2721145261","https://openalex.org/W2739474071","https://openalex.org/W2745497104","https://openalex.org/W2770664338","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2790925720","https://openalex.org/W2792191740","https://openalex.org/W2795807997","https://openalex.org/W2799041689","https://openalex.org/W2808673087","https://openalex.org/W2809377551","https://openalex.org/W2883848153","https://openalex.org/W2904483377","https://openalex.org/W2908566416","https://openalex.org/W2910552584","https://openalex.org/W2912483755","https://openalex.org/W2940983946","https://openalex.org/W2949450271","https://openalex.org/W2953771225","https://openalex.org/W2963199341","https://openalex.org/W2963409517","https://openalex.org/W2963583420","https://openalex.org/W2972037886","https://openalex.org/W2986203034","https://openalex.org/W2989897789","https://openalex.org/W3001824711","https://openalex.org/W3009247505","https://openalex.org/W3013109186","https://openalex.org/W3015925440","https://openalex.org/W3035203924","https://openalex.org/W3035232573","https://openalex.org/W3040315108","https://openalex.org/W3042183479","https://openalex.org/W3046586495","https://openalex.org/W3085682242","https://openalex.org/W3101382129","https://openalex.org/W3104842364","https://openalex.org/W3122081138","https://openalex.org/W3124054989","https://openalex.org/W3126750668","https://openalex.org/W3127463063","https://openalex.org/W3133752603","https://openalex.org/W3147565828","https://openalex.org/W3155551469","https://openalex.org/W3189062941","https://openalex.org/W3192706046","https://openalex.org/W3199113588","https://openalex.org/W3202521030","https://openalex.org/W3203336871","https://openalex.org/W3203381531","https://openalex.org/W3207246414","https://openalex.org/W3209174711","https://openalex.org/W3214214739","https://openalex.org/W4205725149","https://openalex.org/W4210764005","https://openalex.org/W4211173458","https://openalex.org/W4214877655","https://openalex.org/W4229017937","https://openalex.org/W4234956358","https://openalex.org/W4238005789","https://openalex.org/W4249419806","https://openalex.org/W4285594111","https://openalex.org/W4296846107","https://openalex.org/W4299404070","https://openalex.org/W4312798159","https://openalex.org/W4321234694","https://openalex.org/W4323642664","https://openalex.org/W4323980470","https://openalex.org/W4381334291","https://openalex.org/W4388330068","https://openalex.org/W4392845784","https://openalex.org/W4400941260","https://openalex.org/W6623256353","https://openalex.org/W6665355796","https://openalex.org/W6728897228","https://openalex.org/W6757662386"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2127800163","https://openalex.org/W2733844492","https://openalex.org/W3174021582","https://openalex.org/W2160958403","https://openalex.org/W3044338123","https://openalex.org/W2098693229","https://openalex.org/W2123335596","https://openalex.org/W2041367898","https://openalex.org/W4213235153","https://openalex.org/W63491089"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"Face":[1],"Emotion":[2],"Recognition":[3],"(FER)":[4],"technologies":[5],"have":[6],"become":[7],"widespread":[8],"in":[9,54,71,146,176],"various":[10],"applications,":[11],"including":[12],"surveillance,":[13],"human\u2013computer":[14],"interaction,":[15],"and":[16,59,64,75,85,105,114,152,162,183,193],"health":[17],"care.":[18],"However,":[19],"these":[20,79,125],"systems":[21,136,202],"are":[22,35,57,137],"built":[23,138],"on":[24,103,206],"the":[25,46,73,95,108,167,198],"basis":[26],"of":[27,78,94,111,200],"controversial":[28],"psychological":[29],"models":[30],"that":[31,123,134,197],"claim":[32],"facial":[33],"expressions":[34],"universally":[36],"linked":[37],"to":[38,44,148,171],"specific":[39],"emotions\u2014a":[40],"concept":[41],"often":[42],"referred":[43],"as":[45,180],"\u201cuniversality":[47],"hypothesis\u201d.":[48],"Recent":[49],"research":[50],"highlights":[51],"significant":[52,154,172],"variability":[53],"how":[55],"emotions":[56],"expressed":[58],"perceived":[60],"across":[61],"different":[62],"cultures":[63],"contexts.":[65],"This":[66,185],"paper":[67],"identifies":[68],"a":[69,91,101,121,128],"gap":[70],"evaluating":[72],"reliability":[74],"ethical":[76,109,173],"implications":[77,110],"systems,":[80],"given":[81],"their":[82,112,115],"potential":[83,143],"biases":[84],"privacy":[86],"concerns.":[87],"Here,":[88],"we":[89,119],"report":[90],"comprehensive":[92],"review":[93],"current":[96],"debates":[97],"surrounding":[98],"FER,":[99],"with":[100,139,142,156],"focus":[102],"cultural":[104,150],"social":[106],"biases,":[107,145],"application,":[113],"technical":[116],"reliability.":[117],"Moreover,":[118],"propose":[120],"classification":[122],"organizes":[124],"perspectives":[126],"into":[127],"three-part":[129],"taxonomy.":[130],"Key":[131],"findings":[132],"show":[133],"FER":[135,201],"limited":[140],"datasets":[141],"annotation":[144],"addition":[147],"lacking":[149],"context":[151],"exhibiting":[153],"unreliability,":[155],"misclassification":[157],"rates":[158],"influenced":[159],"by":[160],"race":[161],"background.":[163],"In":[164],"some":[165],"cases,":[166],"systems\u2019":[168],"errors":[169],"lead":[170],"concerns,":[174],"particularly":[175],"sensitive":[177],"settings":[178],"such":[179],"law":[181],"enforcement":[182],"surveillance.":[184],"study":[186],"calls":[187],"for":[188],"more":[189],"rigorous":[190],"evaluation":[191],"frameworks":[192],"regulatory":[194],"oversight,":[195],"ensuring":[196],"deployment":[199],"does":[203],"not":[204],"infringe":[205],"individual":[207],"rights":[208],"or":[209],"perpetuate":[210],"biases.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T08:04:53.788161","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
