{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402986765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040108","title":"Profiling Astroturfers on Facebook: A Complete Framework for Labeling, Feature Extraction, and Classification","display_name":"Profiling Astroturfers on Facebook: A Complete Framework for Labeling, Feature Extraction, and Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402986765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040108"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6040108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040108","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/4/108/pdf?version=1727685910","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/4/108/pdf?version=1727685910","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071610277","display_name":"Jonathan Schler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2233-455X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157943965","display_name":"Holon Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02prqh017","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157943965"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Schler","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, HIT (Holon Institute of Technology), Holon 5810201, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2233-455X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, HIT (Holon Institute of Technology), Holon 5810201, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157943965"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022982676","display_name":"Elisheva Bonchek-Dokow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0173-0502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157943965","display_name":"Holon Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02prqh017","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157943965"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elisheva Bonchek-Dokow","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, HIT (Holon Institute of Technology), Holon 5810201, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0173-0502","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, HIT (Holon Institute of Technology), Holon 5810201, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157943965"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022982676"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157943965"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.4667,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86898061,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"2183","last_page":"2200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.743903636932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5720101594924927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5113644003868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4234110116958618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41880345344543457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40635114908218384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.38126140832901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3271424174308777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.053350627422332764}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.743903636932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5720101594924927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5113644003868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4234110116958618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41880345344543457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40635114908218384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.38126140832901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3271424174308777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.053350627422332764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6040108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040108","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/4/108/pdf?version=1727685910","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e46caa80aa2b48b1a5810b68d9e74aaa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e46caa80aa2b48b1a5810b68d9e74aaa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol 6, Iss 4, Pp 2183-2200 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6040108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040108","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/4/108/pdf?version=1727685910","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402986765.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402986765.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15413744","https://openalex.org/W84853486","https://openalex.org/W176212337","https://openalex.org/W202178741","https://openalex.org/W1910792200","https://openalex.org/W1965586806","https://openalex.org/W1986678144","https://openalex.org/W1989079872","https://openalex.org/W2015011636","https://openalex.org/W2053185900","https://openalex.org/W2053494745","https://openalex.org/W2068138600","https://openalex.org/W2072715695","https://openalex.org/W2092277251","https://openalex.org/W2263846226","https://openalex.org/W2521978756","https://openalex.org/W2535992137","https://openalex.org/W2550819555","https://openalex.org/W2735879407","https://openalex.org/W2783689479","https://openalex.org/W2898350164","https://openalex.org/W2900111438","https://openalex.org/W2948617239","https://openalex.org/W2955507135","https://openalex.org/W2963208026","https://openalex.org/W2971881481","https://openalex.org/W2977722847","https://openalex.org/W3043995533","https://openalex.org/W3083116577","https://openalex.org/W3094232994","https://openalex.org/W3115277040","https://openalex.org/W3137146798","https://openalex.org/W3175498457","https://openalex.org/W3216329246","https://openalex.org/W4210999723","https://openalex.org/W4214669656","https://openalex.org/W4220768044","https://openalex.org/W4229000065","https://openalex.org/W4232045208","https://openalex.org/W4318473081","https://openalex.org/W4364297092","https://openalex.org/W4386246812","https://openalex.org/W4387619044","https://openalex.org/W4399107234","https://openalex.org/W6747571818","https://openalex.org/W6861798657"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386159726","https://openalex.org/W2601157893","https://openalex.org/W2131735617","https://openalex.org/W2373006798","https://openalex.org/W2056912418","https://openalex.org/W2123759770","https://openalex.org/W2033213769","https://openalex.org/W4312376745","https://openalex.org/W2136016640","https://openalex.org/W2082269393"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,75,121,190],"practice":[1],"of":[2,17,22,67,99,115,128,150,181,195,199,226,230],"online":[3,71],"astroturfing":[4,62],"has":[5],"become":[6],"increasingly":[7],"pervasive":[8],"in":[9,15,29,86,118,138,145,175,214],"recent":[10],"years,":[11],"with":[12,222],"the":[13,36,68,113,119,164,186,215],"growth":[14],"popularity":[16],"social":[18],"media.":[19],"Astroturfing":[20],"consists":[21,194],"promoting":[23],"social,":[24],"political,":[25],"or":[26,32],"other":[27],"agendas":[28],"a":[30,45,83,92,97,126,170,177,196],"non-transparent":[31],"deceitful":[33],"way,":[34],"where":[35],"promoters":[37],"masquerade":[38],"as":[39],"normative":[40],"users":[41],"while":[42],"acting":[43],"behind":[44],"mask":[46],"that":[47,55,172],"conceals":[48],"their":[49],"true":[50],"identity,":[51],"and":[52,104,110,147,155,210,218,228],"at":[53],"times":[54],"they":[56],"are":[57,143],"not":[58],"human.":[59],"In":[60],"politics,":[61],"is":[63],"currently":[64],"considered":[65],"one":[66],"most":[69],"severe":[70],"threats":[72],"to":[73,77,112,157],"democracy.":[74],"ability":[76],"automatically":[78],"identify":[79],"astroturfers":[80,116],"thus":[81,184],"constitutes":[82],"first":[84],"step":[85],"eradicating":[87],"this":[88],"threat.":[89],"We":[90,207],"present":[91,169],"complete":[93],"framework":[94],"for":[95,204],"handling":[96],"dataset":[98],"profiles,":[100,183],"from":[101],"data":[102,122,142],"collection":[103],"efficient":[105],"labeling,":[106],"through":[107],"feature":[108,191],"extraction,":[109],"finally,":[111],"identification":[114],"lurking":[117],"dataset.":[120],"were":[123,136],"collected":[124],"over":[125],"period":[127],"15":[129],"months,":[130],"during":[131],"which":[132,201],"three":[133],"consecutive":[134],"elections":[135],"held":[137],"Israel.":[139],"These":[140],"raw":[141],"unique":[144],"scope":[146],"size,":[148],"consisting":[149],"several":[151,212],"million":[152],"public":[153],"comments":[154],"reactions":[156],"posts":[158],"on":[159,176],"political":[160],"candidates\u2019":[161],"pages.":[162],"For":[163],"manual":[165],"labeling":[166],"stage,":[167,217],"we":[168],"technique":[171],"can":[173],"zoom":[174],"sufficiently":[178],"large":[179],"subset":[180],"astroturfer":[182],"making":[185],"procedure":[187],"highly":[188],"efficient.":[189],"extraction":[192],"stage":[193],"temporal":[197],"layer":[198],"features,":[200],"proves":[202],"useful":[203],"identifying":[205],"astroturfers.":[206],"then":[208],"applied":[209],"compared":[211],"algorithms":[213],"classification":[216],"achieved":[219],"improved":[220],"results,":[221],"an":[223],"F1":[224],"score":[225],"77%":[227],"accuracy":[229],"92%.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}