{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402901462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040106","title":"Ensemble Learning with Highly Variable Class-Based Performance","display_name":"Ensemble Learning with Highly Variable Class-Based Performance","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402901462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040106"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6040106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040106","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/4/106/pdf?version=1727175701","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/4/106/pdf?version=1727175701","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079411100","display_name":"Brandon Warner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2346-272X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091276","display_name":"Eon Corporation (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0195q2562","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091276"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brandon Warner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Verseon International Corporation, Fremont, CA 94538, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2346-272X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Verseon International Corporation, Fremont, CA 94538, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091276"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057774143","display_name":"Edward Ratner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5456-8916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091276","display_name":"Eon Corporation (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0195q2562","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091276"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Edward Ratner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Verseon International Corporation, Fremont, CA 94538, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5456-8916","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Verseon International Corporation, Fremont, CA 94538, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091276"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107623303","display_name":"Kallin Carlous-Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9935-3476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091276","display_name":"Eon Corporation (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0195q2562","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091276"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kallin Carlous-Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Verseon International Corporation, Fremont, CA 94538, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9935-3476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Verseon International Corporation, Fremont, CA 94538, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091276"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101056065","display_name":"Christopher Douglas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091276","display_name":"Eon Corporation (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0195q2562","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091276"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Douglas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Verseon International Corporation, Fremont, CA 94538, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Verseon International Corporation, Fremont, CA 94538, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091276"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083632408","display_name":"Amaury Lendasse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5410-4751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amaury Lendasse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057774143","https://openalex.org/A5079411100"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091276"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1559},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1559},"fwci":2.9212,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91877009,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"2149","last_page":"2160"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.6025614142417908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5661452412605286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5514760613441467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.51645827293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.435707151889801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38831672072410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15601685643196106}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.6025614142417908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5661452412605286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5514760613441467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.51645827293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.435707151889801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38831672072410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15601685643196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6040106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040106","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/4/106/pdf?version=1727175701","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:01276c13370c4cc9a9f83edf88ff1193","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/01276c13370c4cc9a9f83edf88ff1193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol 6, Iss 4, Pp 2149-2160 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6040106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6040106","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/4/106/pdf?version=1727175701","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402901462.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402901462.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W310293123","https://openalex.org/W1823320334","https://openalex.org/W1994830145","https://openalex.org/W2026131661","https://openalex.org/W2027902935","https://openalex.org/W2031041969","https://openalex.org/W2052984131","https://openalex.org/W2063875787","https://openalex.org/W2069315453","https://openalex.org/W2070493638","https://openalex.org/W2070808135","https://openalex.org/W2089340591","https://openalex.org/W2103346566","https://openalex.org/W2111072639","https://openalex.org/W2113599721","https://openalex.org/W2138260443","https://openalex.org/W2146047955","https://openalex.org/W2148669107","https://openalex.org/W2154568261","https://openalex.org/W2166547175","https://openalex.org/W2173213060","https://openalex.org/W2371025826","https://openalex.org/W2511220713","https://openalex.org/W2599596755","https://openalex.org/W2792591449","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2989868186","https://openalex.org/W3090981476","https://openalex.org/W3158264953","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4307948039","https://openalex.org/W4317104616","https://openalex.org/W6640462745","https://openalex.org/W6676769703","https://openalex.org/W6681521150","https://openalex.org/W6926357443","https://openalex.org/W6964177967"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,36],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,53,109,116],"novel":[4,75],"model-agnostic":[5],"method":[6,51,76],"for":[7,58,143],"weighting":[8],"the":[9,34,41,59,66,78,123,157],"outputs":[10],"of":[11,56,112,125,134,159,168],"base":[12,42],"classifiers":[13,43],"in":[14,30,33,61],"machine":[15],"learning":[16,136],"(ML)":[17],"ensembles.":[18],"Our":[19,50],"approach":[20,93,127,145,161],"uses":[21],"class-based":[22],"weight":[23],"coefficients":[24,57],"assigned":[25],"to":[26,77,94,103,121,131,147,166],"every":[27],"output":[28],"class":[29],"each":[31,70],"learner":[32],"ensemble.":[35],"is":[37],"particularly":[38],"useful":[39],"when":[40],"have":[44],"highly":[45,150],"variable":[46,105],"performance":[47,68,106,152,165],"across":[48,153],"classes.":[49,154],"generates":[52,108],"dense":[54],"set":[55,111],"models":[60],"our":[62,74,92,160],"ensemble":[63,81,133],"by":[64,114,128,162],"considering":[65],"model":[67],"on":[69],"class.":[71],"We":[72,119,155],"compare":[73,91],"commonly":[79],"used":[80],"approaches":[82],"like":[83],"voting":[84,97,178],"and":[85,175],"weighted":[86,172],"averages.":[87],"In":[88],"addition,":[89],"we":[90],"class-specific":[95,176],"soft":[96,177],"(CSSV),":[98],"which":[99,139],"was":[100],"also":[101],"designed":[102],"address":[104],"but":[107],"sparse":[110],"weights":[113],"solving":[115],"linear":[117],"system.":[118],"choose":[120],"illustrate":[122,156],"power":[124],"this":[126,144],"applying":[129],"it":[130],"an":[132],"extreme":[135],"machines":[137],"(ELMs),":[138],"are":[140],"well":[141],"suited":[142],"due":[146],"their":[148],"stochastic,":[149],"varying":[151],"superiority":[158],"comparing":[163],"its":[164],"that":[167],"simple":[169],"majority":[170,173],"voting,":[171,174],"using":[179],"ten":[180],"popular":[181],"open-source":[182],"multiclass":[183],"classification":[184],"datasets.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}