{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402044980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6030098","title":"Tertiary Review on Explainable Artificial Intelligence: Where Do We Stand?","display_name":"Tertiary Review on Explainable Artificial Intelligence: Where Do We Stand?","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402044980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6030098"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6030098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6030098","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/3/98/pdf?version=1725000832","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/3/98/pdf?version=1725000832","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106841407","display_name":"Frank van Mourik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank van Mourik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026937727","display_name":"Annemarie Jutte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9322-0674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801398864","display_name":"Saxion","ror":"https://ror.org/005t9n460","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801398864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Annemarie Jutte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ambient Intelligence Research Group, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, 7513 AB Enschede, The Netherlands","Department of Computer Science, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ambient Intelligence Research Group, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, 7513 AB Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801398864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106841408","display_name":"Stijn E. Berendse","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stijn E. Berendse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044278220","display_name":"Faiza Allah Bukhsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5978-2754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faiza A. Bukhsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089107604","display_name":"Faizan Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2760-6892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801398864","display_name":"Saxion","ror":"https://ror.org/005t9n460","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801398864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Faizan Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ambient Intelligence Research Group, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, 7513 AB Enschede, The Netherlands","Department of Computer Science, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ambient Intelligence Research Group, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, 7513 AB Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801398864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089107604"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801398864","https://openalex.org/I94624287"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":3.0534,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.924345,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"3","first_page":"1997","last_page":"2017"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9670000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.96670001745224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3707834780216217}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3707834780216217}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6030098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6030098","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/3/98/pdf?version=1725000832","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire_cris_publications/5a167755-9f8c-4ef3-b7a4-5495eebef628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/5a167755-9f8c-4ef3-b7a4-5495eebef628","pdf_url":"https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/464055186/make-06-00098.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"van Mourik, F, Jutte, A, Berendse, S E, Bukhsh, F A & Ahmed, F 2024, 'Tertiary Review on Explainable Artificial Intelligence : Where Do We Stand?', Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1997-2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/make6030098","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4ba16559bcb84ecb888b8c90992ac18c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4ba16559bcb84ecb888b8c90992ac18c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol 6, Iss 3, Pp 1997-2017 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2504-4990/6/3/98/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/make6030098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6030098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6030098","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/3/98/pdf?version=1725000832","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402044980.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":112,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1767272795","https://openalex.org/W1966517947","https://openalex.org/W1975675278","https://openalex.org/W2113882472","https://openalex.org/W2129639577","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2407810780","https://openalex.org/W2551974706","https://openalex.org/W2618851150","https://openalex.org/W2763172566","https://openalex.org/W2765565489","https://openalex.org/W2784280741","https://openalex.org/W2884633725","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2900172366","https://openalex.org/W2948036864","https://openalex.org/W2958992432","https://openalex.org/W2962772482","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W2963226019","https://openalex.org/W2964935548","https://openalex.org/W2982534028","https://openalex.org/W3003854534","https://openalex.org/W3005801323","https://openalex.org/W3011179515","https://openalex.org/W3013532257","https://openalex.org/W3014001887","https://openalex.org/W3015177564","https://openalex.org/W3024173558","https://openalex.org/W3037100559","https://openalex.org/W3037880158","https://openalex.org/W3081129413","https://openalex.org/W3101981467","https://openalex.org/W3102970498","https://openalex.org/W3109650690","https://openalex.org/W3116286104","https://openalex.org/W3122821379","https://openalex.org/W3124373176","https://openalex.org/W3125997628","https://openalex.org/W3129006292","https://openalex.org/W3133477053","https://openalex.org/W3135028703","https://openalex.org/W3148438775","https://openalex.org/W3158842640","https://openalex.org/W3161558656","https://openalex.org/W3164011142","https://openalex.org/W3164846705","https://openalex.org/W3172362366","https://openalex.org/W3185873317","https://openalex.org/W3187293469","https://openalex.org/W3189411510","https://openalex.org/W3208324058","https://openalex.org/W3210179814","https://openalex.org/W3211317523","https://openalex.org/W3211639647","https://openalex.org/W3211766580","https://openalex.org/W3213449503","https://openalex.org/W3214024265","https://openalex.org/W3214404698","https://openalex.org/W3215119593","https://openalex.org/W3215376239","https://openalex.org/W3216065183","https://openalex.org/W3217213163","https://openalex.org/W3217644357","https://openalex.org/W4200191097","https://openalex.org/W4206221654","https://openalex.org/W4210361514","https://openalex.org/W4220803452","https://openalex.org/W4224305592","https://openalex.org/W4225150645","https://openalex.org/W4225310474","https://openalex.org/W4225327430","https://openalex.org/W4229079390","https://openalex.org/W4229494842","https://openalex.org/W4236371463","https://openalex.org/W4280639694","https://openalex.org/W4281255712","https://openalex.org/W4283369407","https://openalex.org/W4283454602","https://openalex.org/W4285090400","https://openalex.org/W4285184065","https://openalex.org/W4285502294","https://openalex.org/W4292342050","https://openalex.org/W4296604474","https://openalex.org/W4297091060","https://openalex.org/W4297183943","https://openalex.org/W4297399257","https://openalex.org/W4304140260","https://openalex.org/W4306790271","https://openalex.org/W4308292292","https://openalex.org/W4308311931","https://openalex.org/W4308457406","https://openalex.org/W4309490745","https://openalex.org/W4309730097","https://openalex.org/W4309786421","https://openalex.org/W4312921627","https://openalex.org/W4319265436","https://openalex.org/W4321786089","https://openalex.org/W4388427686","https://openalex.org/W4389040692","https://openalex.org/W4391936052","https://openalex.org/W4392187938","https://openalex.org/W6676885637","https://openalex.org/W6718140377","https://openalex.org/W6730035438","https://openalex.org/W6770146982","https://openalex.org/W6773084011","https://openalex.org/W6775891548","https://openalex.org/W6798947457","https://openalex.org/W6805142942","https://openalex.org/W6811107879"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2931662336","https://openalex.org/W2077865380","https://openalex.org/W4401768695","https://openalex.org/W2765597752","https://openalex.org/W2134894512","https://openalex.org/W2083375246","https://openalex.org/W2067108088","https://openalex.org/W2085372204"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"into":[1,122],"explainable":[2],"artificial":[3],"intelligence":[4],"(XAI)":[5],"methods":[6,44,95],"has":[7,53],"exploded":[8],"over":[9],"the":[10,34,37,102,128,141,174,192],"past":[11],"five":[12],"years.":[13],"It":[14],"is":[15],"essential":[16],"to":[17,162,184],"synthesize":[18],"and":[19,47,50,59,78,87,96,109,119,153,179,197],"categorize":[20],"this":[21,25],"research":[22,132,136,146,196,202],"and,":[23],"for":[24,148],"purpose,":[26],"multiple":[27],"systematic":[28,72,83],"reviews":[29,74],"on":[30],"XAI":[31,94],"mapped":[32],"out":[33,63],"landscape":[35],"of":[36,92,130,145,151,176,195],"existing":[38,193],"methods.":[39],"To":[40],"understand":[41],"how":[42],"these":[43,135],"have":[45],"developed":[46],"been":[48,54],"applied":[49],"what":[51],"evidence":[52],"accumulated":[55],"through":[56],"model":[57],"training":[58],"analysis,":[60],"we":[61,138],"carried":[62],"a":[64,167,200],"tertiary":[65],"literature":[66,73,84],"review":[67,85],"that":[68,159],"takes":[69],"as":[70,101],"input":[71,105],"published":[75],"between":[76],"1992":[77],"2023.":[79],"We":[80,114,155],"evaluated":[81],"40":[82],"papers":[86],"presented":[88],"binary":[89],"tabular":[90],"overviews":[91],"researched":[93],"their":[97],"respective":[98],"characteristics,":[99],"such":[100],"scope,":[103],"scale,":[104],"data,":[106,108,181],"explanation":[107],"machine":[110],"learning":[111],"models":[112],"researched.":[113],"identified":[115,156],"seven":[116],"distinct":[117],"characteristics":[118],"organized":[120],"them":[121],"twelve":[123],"specific":[124],"categories,":[125],"culminating":[126],"in":[127,171,191],"creation":[129],"comprehensive":[131],"grids.":[133],"Within":[134],"grids,":[137],"systematically":[139],"documented":[140],"presence":[142],"or":[143,188],"absence":[144],"mentions":[147],"each":[149],"pairing":[150],"characteristic":[152],"category.":[154],"14":[157],"combinations":[158],"are":[160],"open":[161],"research.":[163],"Our":[164],"findings":[165],"reveal":[166],"significant":[168],"gap,":[169],"particularly":[170],"categories":[172],"like":[173],"cross-section":[175],"feature":[177],"graphs":[178],"numerical":[180],"which":[182],"appear":[183],"be":[185],"notably":[186],"absent":[187],"insufficiently":[189],"addressed":[190],"body":[194],"thus":[198],"represent":[199],"future":[201],"road":[203],"map.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}