{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401907227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6030097","title":"Black Box Adversarial Reprogramming for Time Series Feature Classification in Ball Bearings\u2019 Remaining Useful Life Classification","display_name":"Black Box Adversarial Reprogramming for Time Series Feature Classification in Ball Bearings\u2019 Remaining Useful Life Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401907227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6030097"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6030097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6030097","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/3/97/pdf?version=1724764405","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/3/97/pdf?version=1724764405","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040687622","display_name":"Alexander Bott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7866-8244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Bott","raw_affiliation_strings":["wbk Institute of Production Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstra\u00dfe 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7866-8244","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"wbk Institute of Production Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstra\u00dfe 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082226540","display_name":"Felix Schreyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0376-2599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix Schreyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["wbk Institute of Production Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstra\u00dfe 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"wbk Institute of Production Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstra\u00dfe 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030317846","display_name":"Alexander Puchta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9975-7481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Puchta","raw_affiliation_strings":["wbk Institute of Production Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstra\u00dfe 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9975-7481","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"wbk Institute of Production Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstra\u00dfe 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064027735","display_name":"J\u00fcrgen Fleischer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0961-7675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00fcrgen Fleischer","raw_affiliation_strings":["wbk Institute of Production Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstra\u00dfe 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"wbk Institute of Production Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstra\u00dfe 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040687622"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.3254,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64774102,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"3","first_page":"1969","last_page":"1996"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9488999843597412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9440000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.7133926153182983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6675852537155151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.6663097739219666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5968028903007507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5914349555969238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.5420125722885132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.5388033390045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.46620357036590576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4482109248638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.43883734941482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.4211147129535675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3634156584739685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3222857713699341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17053484916687012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10214084386825562}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.7133926153182983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6675852537155151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.6663097739219666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5968028903007507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5914349555969238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.5420125722885132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.5388033390045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.46620357036590576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4482109248638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.43883734941482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.4211147129535675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3634156584739685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3222857713699341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17053484916687012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10214084386825562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6030097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6030097","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/3/97/pdf?version=1724764405","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b2295baaa64047558cc4e747bc277129","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b2295baaa64047558cc4e747bc277129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol 6, Iss 3, Pp 1969-1996 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2504-4990/6/3/97/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/make6030097","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6030097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6030097","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/3/97/pdf?version=1724764405","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311048","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401907227.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981658663","https://openalex.org/W1990960780","https://openalex.org/W1998894210","https://openalex.org/W2025198378","https://openalex.org/W2030290736","https://openalex.org/W2048679005","https://openalex.org/W2069057437","https://openalex.org/W2075728230","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2112483442","https://openalex.org/W2115191221","https://openalex.org/W2120479337","https://openalex.org/W2120841219","https://openalex.org/W2122838776","https://openalex.org/W2122922389","https://openalex.org/W2134845968","https://openalex.org/W2143104527","https://openalex.org/W2148820067","https://openalex.org/W2158108973","https://openalex.org/W2161381512","https://openalex.org/W2164524038","https://openalex.org/W2165644552","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2170563643","https://openalex.org/W2172251087","https://openalex.org/W2279034837","https://openalex.org/W2371638596","https://openalex.org/W2521200999","https://openalex.org/W2603225712","https://openalex.org/W2763583057","https://openalex.org/W2794987257","https://openalex.org/W2887782657","https://openalex.org/W2889809771","https://openalex.org/W2907864265","https://openalex.org/W2921939753","https://openalex.org/W2922660557","https://openalex.org/W2924922918","https://openalex.org/W2945413072","https://openalex.org/W2964285681","https://openalex.org/W2967187485","https://openalex.org/W2971654674","https://openalex.org/W2974878855","https://openalex.org/W2975761873","https://openalex.org/W2977223508","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2999342951","https://openalex.org/W3021260838","https://openalex.org/W3041133507","https://openalex.org/W3045935064","https://openalex.org/W3092012490","https://openalex.org/W3160845249","https://openalex.org/W3162920902","https://openalex.org/W3182722823","https://openalex.org/W3196754565","https://openalex.org/W3201907027","https://openalex.org/W3203532670","https://openalex.org/W4212794678","https://openalex.org/W4293713156","https://openalex.org/W4298152187","https://openalex.org/W4319988655","https://openalex.org/W6623737539","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6677069268","https://openalex.org/W6677658955"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2140186469","https://openalex.org/W4390421286","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4280563792","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W4206657577","https://openalex.org/W3009622996","https://openalex.org/W3037859390"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Standard":[0],"ML":[1,102],"relies":[2],"on":[3,89,126],"ample":[4],"data,":[5],"but":[6],"limited":[7],"availability":[8],"poses":[9],"challenges.":[10],"Transfer":[11],"learning":[12,50],"offers":[13],"a":[14,100,145],"solution":[15],"by":[16],"leveraging":[17],"pre-existing":[18],"knowledge.":[19],"Yet":[20],"many":[21],"methods":[22],"require":[23],"access":[24],"to":[25,32,80,138,161,164],"the":[26,91,119,130],"model\u2019s":[27],"internal":[28],"aspects,":[29],"limiting":[30],"applicability":[31],"white":[33],"box":[34,53,82],"models.":[35,54],"To":[36],"address":[37],"this,":[38],"Tsai,":[39],"Chen":[40],"and":[41,107,110,123],"Ho":[42],"introduced":[43],"Black":[44,134],"Box":[45,135],"Adversarial":[46,136],"Reprogramming":[47,137],"for":[48],"transfer":[49,115],"with":[51,113,156],"black":[52,81],"While":[55],"tested":[56],"primarily":[57],"in":[58,66,166],"image":[59],"classification,":[60,69],"this":[61],"paper":[62],"explores":[63],"its":[64],"potential":[65],"time":[67,83,139],"series":[68,84,140],"particularly":[70],"predictive":[71],"maintenance.":[72],"We":[73,98,117],"develop":[74],"an":[75],"adversarial":[76],"reprogramming":[77],"concept":[78],"tailored":[79],"classifiers.":[85],"Our":[86],"study":[87],"focuses":[88],"predicting":[90],"Remaining":[92],"Useful":[93],"Life":[94],"of":[95,121,133,148],"rolling":[96],"bearings.":[97],"construct":[99],"comprehensive":[101],"pipeline,":[103],"encompassing":[104],"feature":[105],"engineering":[106],"model":[108,127],"fine-tuning,":[109],"compare":[111],"results":[112],"traditional":[114],"learning.":[116],"investigate":[118],"impact":[120],"hyperparameters":[122],"training":[124],"parameters":[125],"performance,":[128],"demonstrating":[129],"successful":[131],"application":[132],"data.":[141],"The":[142],"method":[143],"achieved":[144],"weighted":[146],"F1-score":[147],"0.77,":[149],"although":[150],"it":[151],"exhibited":[152],"significant":[153],"stochastic":[154],"fluctuations,":[155],"scores":[157],"ranging":[158],"from":[159],"0.3":[160],"0.77":[162],"due":[163],"randomness":[165],"gradient":[167],"estimation.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2024-08-28T00:00:00"}
