{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400119308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6030068","title":"Using Segmentation to Boost Classification Performance and Explainability in CapsNets","display_name":"Using Segmentation to Boost Classification Performance and Explainability in CapsNets","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400119308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6030068"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6030068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6030068","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/3/68/pdf?version=1719565716","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/3/68/pdf?version=1719565716","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080318740","display_name":"Dominik Vranay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-5102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183764125","display_name":"Technical University of Ko\u0161ice","ror":"https://ror.org/05xm08015","country_code":"SK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183764125"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Vranay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cybernetics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, 042 52 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybernetics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, 042 52 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183764125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019529970","display_name":"Maro\u0161 Hlibok\u00fd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9693-8789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183764125","display_name":"Technical University of Ko\u0161ice","ror":"https://ror.org/05xm08015","country_code":"SK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183764125"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maro\u0161 Hlibok\u00fd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cybernetics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, 042 52 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybernetics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, 042 52 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183764125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102996904","display_name":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Kov\u00e1cs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2703-7228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20230540","display_name":"University of Miskolc","ror":"https://ror.org/038g7dk46","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20230540"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Kov\u00e1cs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Informatics, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Informatics, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20230540"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009231271","display_name":"Peter Sin\u010d\u00e1k","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0994-5495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20230540","display_name":"University of Miskolc","ror":"https://ror.org/038g7dk46","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20230540"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183764125","display_name":"Technical University of Ko\u0161ice","ror":"https://ror.org/05xm08015","country_code":"SK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183764125"]}],"countries":["HU","SK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Sin\u010d\u00e1k","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cybernetics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, 042 52 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia","Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Informatics, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybernetics and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, 042 52 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183764125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Informatics, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20230540"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080318740"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183764125"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.8614,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7361719,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"3","first_page":"1439","last_page":"1465"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9696000218391418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7657099962234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7356740832328796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6397358179092407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5544195771217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5179611444473267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4970836937427521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4768156409263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4699285924434662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4554121792316437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4144349694252014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.37599149346351624}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7657099962234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7356740832328796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6397358179092407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5544195771217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5179611444473267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4970836937427521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4768156409263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4699285924434662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4554121792316437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4144349694252014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.37599149346351624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6030068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6030068","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/3/68/pdf?version=1719565716","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:56da32592b344b08b5ba02d535ab3a1d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/56da32592b344b08b5ba02d535ab3a1d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol 6, Iss 3, Pp 1439-1465 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6030068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6030068","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/3/68/pdf?version=1719565716","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5363788768","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"824047","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400119308.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2966661","https://openalex.org/W1523493493","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1977295328","https://openalex.org/W2005868182","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2119765017","https://openalex.org/W2149723649","https://openalex.org/W2152513128","https://openalex.org/W2171096036","https://openalex.org/W2188292956","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2500815657","https://openalex.org/W2546302380","https://openalex.org/W2611650229","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2884436604","https://openalex.org/W2895526696","https://openalex.org/W2928165649","https://openalex.org/W2945598038","https://openalex.org/W2963143796","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963703618","https://openalex.org/W2967041024","https://openalex.org/W2976711440","https://openalex.org/W2997876081","https://openalex.org/W3003259175","https://openalex.org/W3017063488","https://openalex.org/W3022951770","https://openalex.org/W3024640380","https://openalex.org/W3092462771","https://openalex.org/W3097566283","https://openalex.org/W3101156210","https://openalex.org/W3173241892","https://openalex.org/W3186928351","https://openalex.org/W3187736118","https://openalex.org/W3201095212","https://openalex.org/W4206203292","https://openalex.org/W4207078582","https://openalex.org/W4221162999","https://openalex.org/W4285144065","https://openalex.org/W4313563058","https://openalex.org/W4365483249","https://openalex.org/W4382203373","https://openalex.org/W4385497926","https://openalex.org/W4386352630","https://openalex.org/W4388762190","https://openalex.org/W4388831521","https://openalex.org/W6687171081","https://openalex.org/W6743446608","https://openalex.org/W6748053814","https://openalex.org/W6756040250","https://openalex.org/W6768465552","https://openalex.org/W6776710474","https://openalex.org/W6840977701","https://openalex.org/W6996185213"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2611989081","https://openalex.org/W4230611425","https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W4294635752","https://openalex.org/W4304166257","https://openalex.org/W4383066092","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W4379231730","https://openalex.org/W1522196789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"present":[4],"Combined-CapsNet":[5],"(C-CapsNet),":[6],"a":[7,88,126],"novel":[8,75],"approach":[9],"aimed":[10],"at":[11],"enhancing":[12],"the":[13,29,38,56,70,79,93,107,158,172],"performance":[14,128],"and":[15,69,87,101,110,120,133,148],"explainability":[16],"of":[17,31,58,81,90,118,174],"Capsule":[18],"Neural":[19],"Networks":[20],"(CapsNets)":[21],"in":[22,44,189],"image":[23,52],"classification":[24,99,162],"tasks.":[25,163],"Our":[26,164],"method":[27],"involves":[28],"integration":[30,42],"segmentation":[32,82,150],"masks":[33,83],"as":[34,78],"reconstruction":[35],"targets":[36],"within":[37],"CapsNet":[39,132],"architecture.":[40],"This":[41],"helps":[43],"better":[45],"feature":[46],"extraction":[47],"by":[48,142],"focusing":[49],"on":[50],"significant":[51,127],"parts":[53],"while":[54],"reducing":[55],"number":[57,89],"parameters":[59],"required":[60],"for":[61,185],"accurate":[62],"classification.":[63],"C-CapsNet":[64,105,168],"combines":[65],"principles":[66],"from":[67],"Efficient-CapsNet":[68],"original":[71],"CapsNet,":[72],"introducing":[73],"several":[74],"improvements":[76],"such":[77],"use":[80],"to":[84,92,145,156],"reconstruct":[85],"images":[86],"tweaks":[91],"routing":[94],"algorithm,":[95],"which":[96,152],"enhance":[97],"both":[98],"accuracy":[100,173],"interoperability.":[102],"We":[103],"evaluated":[104],"using":[106],"Oxford-IIIT":[108],"Pet":[109],"SIIM-ACR":[111],"Pneumothorax":[112],"datasets,":[113],"achieving":[114],"mean":[115],"F1":[116],"scores":[117],"93%":[119],"67%,":[121],"respectively.":[122],"These":[123],"results":[124],"demonstrate":[125],"improvement":[129],"over":[130],"traditional":[131],"CNN":[134],"models.":[135],"The":[136],"method\u2019s":[137],"effectiveness":[138],"is":[139],"further":[140],"highlighted":[141],"its":[143],"ability":[144],"produce":[146],"clear":[147],"interpretable":[149],"masks,":[151],"can":[153],"be":[154],"used":[155],"validate":[157],"network\u2019s":[159],"focus":[160],"during":[161],"findings":[165],"suggest":[166],"that":[167],"not":[169],"only":[170],"improves":[171],"CapsNets":[175],"but":[176],"also":[177],"enhances":[178],"their":[179],"explainability,":[180],"making":[181],"them":[182],"more":[183],"suitable":[184],"real-world":[186],"applications,":[187],"particularly":[188],"medical":[190],"imaging.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
