{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4398776888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6020053","title":"Evaluation of AI ChatBots for the Creation of Patient-Informed Consent Sheets","display_name":"Evaluation of AI ChatBots for the Creation of Patient-Informed Consent Sheets","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4398776888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6020053"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6020053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6020053","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/2/53/pdf?version=1716550445","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/2/53/pdf?version=1716550445","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003485040","display_name":"Florian J. Raimann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6597-9585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","display_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvxnb49","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132578","display_name":"University Hospital Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/03f6n9m15","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132578"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Florian Raimann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132578","https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027014098","display_name":"Vanessa Neef","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1793-2918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","display_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvxnb49","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132578","display_name":"University Hospital Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/03f6n9m15","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132578"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vanessa Neef","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132578","https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098813288","display_name":"Marie Hennighausen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","display_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvxnb49","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132578","display_name":"University Hospital Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/03f6n9m15","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132578"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marie Hennighausen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132578","https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008447327","display_name":"Kai Zacharowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0212-9110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","display_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvxnb49","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132578","display_name":"University Hospital Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/03f6n9m15","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132578"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Zacharowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132578","https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038927562","display_name":"Armin Niklas Flinspach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2886-8947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","display_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvxnb49","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132578","display_name":"University Hospital Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/03f6n9m15","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132578"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Armin Flinspach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132578","https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003485040"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438","https://openalex.org/I4210132578"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2103},"fwci":1.0729,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78746713,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":"1145","last_page":"1153"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10582","display_name":"Ethics in Clinical Research","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10827","display_name":"Patient-Provider Communication in Healthcare","score":0.967199981212616,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informed-consent","display_name":"Informed consent","score":0.7234562039375305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.36439359188079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.33125048875808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"Medical education","score":0.3244728446006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternative-medicine","display_name":"Alternative medicine","score":0.2156074047088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.09227362275123596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68122502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764527","display_name":"Informed consent","level":3,"score":0.7234562039375305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36439359188079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.33125048875808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.3244728446006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.2156074047088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.09227362275123596}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6020053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6020053","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/2/53/pdf?version=1716550445","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:31ab1b1621bc40c68f3d6a15f469b9f0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/31ab1b1621bc40c68f3d6a15f469b9f0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol 6, Iss 2, Pp 1145-1153 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de:69337","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/69337","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400432","display_name":"Publication Server of Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (Goethe University Frankfurt)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","host_organization_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6020053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6020053","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/2/53/pdf?version=1716550445","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4398776888.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2803907938","https://openalex.org/W2884313467","https://openalex.org/W3008568651","https://openalex.org/W4360602960","https://openalex.org/W4367312358","https://openalex.org/W4377010360","https://openalex.org/W4382363003","https://openalex.org/W4383301640","https://openalex.org/W4383301707","https://openalex.org/W4383302171","https://openalex.org/W4387077042","https://openalex.org/W4387930849","https://openalex.org/W4388627527","https://openalex.org/W4389178822","https://openalex.org/W4390704928","https://openalex.org/W4391167516","https://openalex.org/W4392598276","https://openalex.org/W4393529891","https://openalex.org/W4393977287","https://openalex.org/W4394807113","https://openalex.org/W4394914187","https://openalex.org/W4394962126"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3031052312","https://openalex.org/W4389568370","https://openalex.org/W3032375762","https://openalex.org/W1995515455","https://openalex.org/W2080531066","https://openalex.org/W3108674512","https://openalex.org/W1506200166","https://openalex.org/W1489783725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Large":[1],"language":[2],"models":[3,31],"(LLMs),":[4],"such":[5],"as":[6],"ChatGPT,":[7],"are":[8,21,151,175],"a":[9,22,122],"topic":[10],"of":[11,24,29,51,64,114,136,154,159,166],"major":[12],"public":[13],"interest,":[14],"and":[15,19,71,102,141],"their":[16,76],"potential":[17,27,49,183],"benefits":[18],"threats":[20],"subject":[23],"discussion.":[25],"The":[26],"contribution":[28],"these":[30],"to":[32,41,75,78,90,97,120,189],"health":[33],"care":[34],"is":[35,187],"widely":[36],"discussed.":[37],"However,":[38],"few":[39],"studies":[40],"date":[42],"have":[43],"examined":[44],"LLMs.":[45,148],"For":[46],"example,":[47],"the":[48,62,65,104,115,137,147,164,179,182],"use":[50],"LLMs":[52,66,116,156],"in":[53,88,157,163],"(individualized)":[54],"informed":[55,172],"consent":[56,173],"remains":[57],"unclear.":[58],"Methods:":[59],"We":[60,93],"analyzed":[61,103],"performance":[63],"ChatGPT":[67,69],"3.5,":[68],"4.0,":[70],"Gemini":[72],"with":[73],"regard":[74],"ability":[77],"create":[79,98,121],"an":[80],"information":[81,125],"sheet":[82,126],"for":[83,100,127,184],"six":[84],"basic":[85,129],"anesthesiologic":[86,130],"procedures":[87],"response":[89],"corresponding":[91],"questions.":[92],"performed":[94],"multiple":[95],"attempts":[96],"forms":[99,174],"anesthesia":[101],"results":[105],"checklists":[106],"based":[107],"on":[108],"existing":[109],"standard":[110],"sheets.":[111],"Results:":[112],"None":[113],"tested":[117],"were":[118,144],"able":[119],"legally":[123],"compliant":[124],"any":[128],"procedure.":[131],"Overall,":[132],"fewer":[133],"than":[134],"one-third":[135],"risks,":[138],"procedural":[139],"descriptions,":[140],"preparations":[142],"listed":[143],"covered":[145],"by":[146],"Conclusions:":[149],"There":[150],"clear":[152],"limitations":[153],"current":[155],"terms":[158],"practical":[160],"application.":[161],"Advantages":[162],"generation":[165],"patient-adapted":[167],"risk":[168],"stratification":[169],"within":[170],"individual":[171],"not":[176],"available":[177],"at":[178],"moment,":[180],"although":[181],"further":[185],"development":[186],"difficult":[188],"predict.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-03T22:45:19.894376","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
