{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396952634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6020050","title":"Assessment of Software Vulnerability Contributing Factors by Model-Agnostic Explainable AI","display_name":"Assessment of Software Vulnerability Contributing Factors by Model-Agnostic Explainable AI","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396952634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6020050"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6020050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6020050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/2/50/pdf?version=1715861371","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/2/50/pdf?version=1715861371","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063847363","display_name":"Li Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5311-953X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ding Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montr\u00e9al, QC H4B 1R6, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montr\u00e9al, QC H4B 1R6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100351098","display_name":"Yan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9212-0401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montr\u00e9al, QC H4B 1R6, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montr\u00e9al, QC H4B 1R6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101483164","display_name":"Jun Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5609-0488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montr\u00e9al, QC H4B 1R6, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montr\u00e9al, QC H4B 1R6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100351098"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":7.0148,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96832178,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":"1087","last_page":"1113"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6783814430236816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.540737509727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-assessment","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","score":0.48839229345321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.20008760690689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1324925422668457}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6783814430236816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.540737509727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.48839229345321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.20008760690689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1324925422668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137176749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4105337","display_name":"Psychological resilience","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6020050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6020050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/2/50/pdf?version=1715861371","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a4c0ef40dd2444b38a33872befd0e601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a4c0ef40dd2444b38a33872befd0e601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol 6, Iss 2, Pp 1087-1113 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6020050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6020050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/2/50/pdf?version=1715861371","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396952634.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983248291","https://openalex.org/W1985514943","https://openalex.org/W1997236144","https://openalex.org/W1997646511","https://openalex.org/W2043837581","https://openalex.org/W2079887492","https://openalex.org/W2115095269","https://openalex.org/W2127637733","https://openalex.org/W2132791332","https://openalex.org/W2137789775","https://openalex.org/W2144344516","https://openalex.org/W2154398797","https://openalex.org/W2206373005","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2528339895","https://openalex.org/W2590082389","https://openalex.org/W2593765440","https://openalex.org/W2796200341","https://openalex.org/W2890991187","https://openalex.org/W2901941771","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2933059008","https://openalex.org/W2938075706","https://openalex.org/W2946179063","https://openalex.org/W2962862931","https://openalex.org/W2962960733","https://openalex.org/W2963035373","https://openalex.org/W2964150020","https://openalex.org/W2965861627","https://openalex.org/W2970597249","https://openalex.org/W2972135640","https://openalex.org/W2972402638","https://openalex.org/W2990323480","https://openalex.org/W2993447095","https://openalex.org/W2995523160","https://openalex.org/W2998879504","https://openalex.org/W3007993592","https://openalex.org/W3010818808","https://openalex.org/W3033777149","https://openalex.org/W3086007799","https://openalex.org/W3097867666","https://openalex.org/W3098605233","https://openalex.org/W3107600318","https://openalex.org/W3111602563","https://openalex.org/W3111752007","https://openalex.org/W3133523710","https://openalex.org/W3138019756","https://openalex.org/W3166095789","https://openalex.org/W3168151787","https://openalex.org/W3191428993","https://openalex.org/W3206617323","https://openalex.org/W4210320978","https://openalex.org/W4224002584","https://openalex.org/W4282033849","https://openalex.org/W4287704453","https://openalex.org/W4292158679","https://openalex.org/W4294170691","https://openalex.org/W4297902814","https://openalex.org/W4300672471","https://openalex.org/W4309892485","https://openalex.org/W4312690534","https://openalex.org/W4313137049","https://openalex.org/W4320024021","https://openalex.org/W4323042475","https://openalex.org/W4363678929","https://openalex.org/W4384302744","https://openalex.org/W4391848979","https://openalex.org/W6632813477","https://openalex.org/W6682691769","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6763701032","https://openalex.org/W6764072591","https://openalex.org/W6767260250","https://openalex.org/W6768314674","https://openalex.org/W6781533629","https://openalex.org/W6786498300","https://openalex.org/W6787401649","https://openalex.org/W6807645379"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1883246888","https://openalex.org/W2370114625","https://openalex.org/W1756374135","https://openalex.org/W2947584067","https://openalex.org/W3118510577","https://openalex.org/W2280562859","https://openalex.org/W230721595","https://openalex.org/W3157230915","https://openalex.org/W1496728123","https://openalex.org/W2062873522"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"vulnerability":[1,29,55,185],"detection":[2],"aims":[3],"to":[4,9,39,154,187,193],"proactively":[5],"reduce":[6],"the":[7,73,83,106,126,135,146,169,176,197],"risk":[8],"software":[10],"security":[11],"and":[12,27,50,69,94,160,190],"reliability.":[13],"Despite":[14],"advancements":[15],"in":[16,43,92,137],"deep-learning-based":[17],"detection,":[18],"a":[19,44,161],"semantic":[20,128],"gap":[21],"still":[22],"remains":[23],"between":[24,130],"learned":[25,119,189],"features":[26],"human-understandable":[28,109],"semantics.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32],"paper,":[33],"we":[34,104],"present":[35],"an":[36],"XAI-based":[37],"framework":[38,66,181],"assess":[40],"program":[41],"code":[42,54,184],"graph":[45],"context":[46],"as":[47],"feature":[48,74,116],"representations":[49],"their":[51],"effect":[52],"on":[53],"classification":[56],"into":[57],"multiple":[58],"Common":[59],"Weakness":[60],"Enumeration":[61],"(CWE)":[62],"types.":[63],"Our":[64,142,180],"XAI":[65,121,147],"is":[67],"deep-learning-model-agnostic":[68],"programming-language-neutral.":[70],"We":[71,123],"rank":[72],"importance":[75],"of":[76,82,98,101,108,165,171],"40":[77],"syntactic":[78],"constructs":[79],"for":[80,183],"each":[81,113],"top":[84],"20":[85],"distributed":[86],"CWE":[87,110,114,131,172],"types":[88,111,132],"from":[89,120],"three":[90],"datasets":[91],"Java":[93],"C++.":[95],"By":[96],"means":[97],"four":[99],"metrics":[100],"information":[102],"retrieval,":[103],"measure":[105],"similarity":[107,157,173],"using":[112],"type\u2019s":[115],"contribution":[117,140],"ranking":[118],"methods.":[122],"observe":[124],"that":[125,145],"subtle":[127],"difference":[129],"occurs":[133],"after":[134],"variation":[136],"neighboring":[138],"features\u2019":[139],"rankings.":[141],"study":[143],"shows":[144],"explanation":[148],"results":[149],"have":[150],"approximately":[151],"78%":[152],"Top-1":[153],"89%":[155],"Top-5":[156],"hit":[158],"rates":[159],"mean":[162],"average":[163],"precision":[164],"0.70":[166],"compared":[167],"with":[168],"baseline":[170],"identified":[174],"by":[175],"open":[177],"community":[178],"experts.":[179],"allows":[182],"patterns":[186],"be":[188,194],"contributing":[191],"factors":[192],"assessed":[195],"at":[196],"same":[198],"stage.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
