{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392597612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6010027","title":"Representing Human Ethical Requirements in Hybrid Machine Learning Models: Technical Opportunities and Fundamental Challenges","display_name":"Representing Human Ethical Requirements in Hybrid Machine Learning Models: Technical Opportunities and Fundamental Challenges","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392597612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6010027"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6010027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6010027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/1/27/pdf?version=1709876368","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/1/27/pdf?version=1709876368","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016215460","display_name":"Stephen Fox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3447-4832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87653560","display_name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/04b181w54","country_code":"FI","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089493","https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Fox","raw_affiliation_strings":["VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 02150 Espoo, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 02150 Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079181491","display_name":"V\u00edtor Fortes Rey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8371-2921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vitor Fortes Rey","raw_affiliation_strings":["DFKI German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany","RPTU University Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DFKI German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"RPTU University Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016215460"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87653560"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1321,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1424},"fwci":1.099,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7932004,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"580","last_page":"592"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5043607950210571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.44735631346702576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.3266463875770569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.32402169704437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.305539071559906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5043607950210571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.44735631346702576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3266463875770569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.32402169704437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.305539071559906}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6010027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6010027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/1/27/pdf?version=1709876368","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:69297ae668554396ad131f5afb523f16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/69297ae668554396ad131f5afb523f16","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 580-592 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6010027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6010027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/1/27/pdf?version=1709876368","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6564417130","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"952091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8318064016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392597612.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W578380681","https://openalex.org/W857509582","https://openalex.org/W1514658798","https://openalex.org/W1546584494","https://openalex.org/W1962288337","https://openalex.org/W1965306520","https://openalex.org/W1971670344","https://openalex.org/W1977841100","https://openalex.org/W1983082418","https://openalex.org/W1986604804","https://openalex.org/W1997060370","https://openalex.org/W2024108148","https://openalex.org/W2046685205","https://openalex.org/W2062610052","https://openalex.org/W2078979507","https://openalex.org/W2095350285","https://openalex.org/W2105496692","https://openalex.org/W2109138746","https://openalex.org/W2129261459","https://openalex.org/W2132670218","https://openalex.org/W2146392225","https://openalex.org/W2155155895","https://openalex.org/W2160475453","https://openalex.org/W2167448136","https://openalex.org/W2320292744","https://openalex.org/W2338698272","https://openalex.org/W2536675432","https://openalex.org/W2558057962","https://openalex.org/W2756544450","https://openalex.org/W2767121009","https://openalex.org/W2772207266","https://openalex.org/W2805331168","https://openalex.org/W2911583839","https://openalex.org/W2912849219","https://openalex.org/W2913163749","https://openalex.org/W2935546906","https://openalex.org/W2946775517","https://openalex.org/W2951146511","https://openalex.org/W2955727640","https://openalex.org/W2974690168","https://openalex.org/W2977843878","https://openalex.org/W2992972654","https://openalex.org/W2995713391","https://openalex.org/W3002916673","https://openalex.org/W3010407877","https://openalex.org/W3100199031","https://openalex.org/W3117442988","https://openalex.org/W3169277991","https://openalex.org/W3174849351","https://openalex.org/W3180293735","https://openalex.org/W3200610390","https://openalex.org/W4200496160","https://openalex.org/W4221121599","https://openalex.org/W4223553458","https://openalex.org/W4283076847","https://openalex.org/W4285588927","https://openalex.org/W4298088212","https://openalex.org/W4313407642","https://openalex.org/W6892271099"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hybrid":[0],"machine":[1,17,231],"learning":[2,9,18,232],"encompasses":[3],"predefinition":[4],"of":[5,23,50,74,177,199,202,227,230,252],"rules":[6,206],"and":[7,82,120,164,207,246],"ongoing":[8],"from":[10,238,247],"data.":[11],"Human":[12,26],"organizations":[13,27],"can":[14,94,138,145,260],"implement":[15],"hybrid":[16],"(HML)":[19],"to":[20,29,56,70,97,148,168,191,221,262],"automate":[21],"some":[22],"their":[24,32,253],"operations.":[25],"need":[28],"ensure":[30],"that":[31,186,217],"HML":[33,178,197],"implementations":[34],"are":[35,117,160,165,188,219],"aligned":[36],"with":[37],"human":[38,62,75,104,153,193,223],"ethical":[39,63,76,105,154,194,224,244,258,264],"requirements":[40,64,77,106,155,195,259],"as":[41,111],"defined":[42,118,163],"in":[43,65,78,174,196,241],"laws,":[44],"regulations,":[45],"standards,":[46],"etc.":[47],"The":[48,67,85,127],"purpose":[49],"the":[51],"study":[52,68],"reported":[53],"here":[54],"was":[55],"investigate":[57],"technical":[58,189],"opportunities":[59,190],"for":[60,107,124,134,156,249],"representing":[61,222],"HML.":[66],"sought":[69],"represent":[71,192],"two":[72],"types":[73],"HML:":[79],"locally":[80,83,86,128,150,256],"simple":[81,87,101,257],"complex.":[84],"case":[88,102,130,144],"is":[89,131,233],"road":[90,108],"traffic":[91,115],"regulations.":[92],"This":[93,143],"be":[95,98,146,149],"considered":[96,147],"a":[99,175],"relatively":[100],"because":[103,152,198],"safety,":[109],"such":[110],"stopping":[112],"at":[113],"red":[114],"lights,":[116],"clearly":[119],"have":[121],"limited":[122],"scope":[123],"personal":[125,169],"interpretation.":[126,170],"complex":[129,151,243],"diagnosis":[132],"procedures":[133],"functional":[135,157],"disorders,":[136],"which":[137],"include":[139],"medically":[140],"unexplained":[141],"symptoms.":[142],"disorder":[158],"healthcare":[159],"less":[161],"well":[162],"more":[166],"subject":[167],"Representations":[171],"were":[172],"made":[173],"type":[176,229],"called":[179],"Algebraic":[180],"Machine":[181],"Learning.":[182],"Our":[183],"findings":[184,214],"indicate":[185,216],"there":[187,218],"its":[200],"combination":[201],"human-defined":[203],"top":[204],"down":[205],"bottom":[208],"up":[209],"data-driven":[210],"learning.":[211],"However,":[212],"our":[213],"also":[215],"limitations":[220,236],"requirements:":[225],"irrespective":[226],"what":[228],"used.":[234],"These":[235],"arise":[237],"fundamental":[239],"challenges":[240],"defining":[242],"requirements,":[245],"potential":[248],"opposing":[250],"interpretations":[251],"implementation.":[254],"Furthermore,":[255],"contribute":[261],"wider":[263],"complexity.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
