{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391430083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6010015","title":"Distributed Learning in the IoT\u2013Edge\u2013Cloud Continuum","display_name":"Distributed Learning in the IoT\u2013Edge\u2013Cloud Continuum","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391430083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6010015"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6010015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6010015","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/1/15/pdf?version=1706783440","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/1/15/pdf?version=1706783440","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093837977","display_name":"Audris Arzovs","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162447","display_name":"Institute of Electronics and Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05bsp2531","country_code":"LV","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162447","https://openalex.org/I70055295"]}],"countries":["LV"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Audris Arzovs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronics and Computer Science, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics and Computer Science, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162447"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025431438","display_name":"J\u0101nis Judvaitis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8005-2422"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162447","display_name":"Institute of Electronics and Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05bsp2531","country_code":"LV","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162447","https://openalex.org/I70055295"]}],"countries":["LV"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janis Judvaitis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronics and Computer Science, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8005-2422","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics and Computer Science, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162447"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058720992","display_name":"Kri\u0161j\u0101nis Nesenbergs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2445-2891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162447","display_name":"Institute of Electronics and Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05bsp2531","country_code":"LV","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162447","https://openalex.org/I70055295"]}],"countries":["LV"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krisjanis Nesenbergs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronics and Computer Science, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2445-2891","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics and Computer Science, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162447"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064381819","display_name":"Leo Selavo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2858-7635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162447","display_name":"Institute of Electronics and Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05bsp2531","country_code":"LV","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162447","https://openalex.org/I70055295"]}],"countries":["LV"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leo Selavo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronics and Computer Science, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2858-7635","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics and Computer Science, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162447"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093837977"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162447"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":6.508,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96968336,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"283","last_page":"315"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.7815641760826111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.6041054129600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5509724020957947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5433801412582397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3578401207923889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2341943383216858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2082284688949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.04587864875793457}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.7815641760826111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.6041054129600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5509724020957947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5433801412582397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3578401207923889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2341943383216858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2082284688949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.04587864875793457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6010015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6010015","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/1/15/pdf?version=1706783440","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:703404bc24d545f2a64a0b93d9245d79","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/703404bc24d545f2a64a0b93d9245d79","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 283-315 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make6010015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make6010015","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/6/1/15/pdf?version=1706783440","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1091401701","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VPP-EM-FOTONIKA-2022/1-0001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323269","funder_display_name":"Latvijas Zin\u0101tnes Padome"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323269","display_name":"Latvijas Zin\u0101tnes Padome","ror":"https://ror.org/02ar66p97"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391430083.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":118,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513904472","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2535690855","https://openalex.org/W2541884796","https://openalex.org/W2606335100","https://openalex.org/W2606882085","https://openalex.org/W2626769593","https://openalex.org/W2767079719","https://openalex.org/W2885835857","https://openalex.org/W2888940765","https://openalex.org/W2893933380","https://openalex.org/W2903850320","https://openalex.org/W2930926105","https://openalex.org/W2951059495","https://openalex.org/W2963209930","https://openalex.org/W2970606380","https://openalex.org/W2975043678","https://openalex.org/W2990614164","https://openalex.org/W2995164118","https://openalex.org/W2995191368","https://openalex.org/W2999321020","https://openalex.org/W3006555759","https://openalex.org/W3008569902","https://openalex.org/W3018102029","https://openalex.org/W3026923845","https://openalex.org/W3038022836","https://openalex.org/W3038932755","https://openalex.org/W3042336089","https://openalex.org/W3043638540","https://openalex.org/W3043723611","https://openalex.org/W3046102592","https://openalex.org/W3080797848","https://openalex.org/W3081130510","https://openalex.org/W3091884625","https://openalex.org/W3092538966","https://openalex.org/W3098772125","https://openalex.org/W3103245149","https://openalex.org/W3103323991","https://openalex.org/W3107794213","https://openalex.org/W3111259855","https://openalex.org/W3113151582","https://openalex.org/W3116546042","https://openalex.org/W3138597937","https://openalex.org/W3159697888","https://openalex.org/W3162901069","https://openalex.org/W3168353230","https://openalex.org/W3168496996","https://openalex.org/W3175645569","https://openalex.org/W3178386862","https://openalex.org/W3192324887","https://openalex.org/W3192586555","https://openalex.org/W3200636593","https://openalex.org/W3201919447","https://openalex.org/W3205626500","https://openalex.org/W3210619272","https://openalex.org/W3213008925","https://openalex.org/W3213574824","https://openalex.org/W3215626438","https://openalex.org/W4205423013","https://openalex.org/W4206108599","https://openalex.org/W4213010368","https://openalex.org/W4213348099","https://openalex.org/W4220883012","https://openalex.org/W4224918093","https://openalex.org/W4229064837","https://openalex.org/W4281968730","https://openalex.org/W4282813466","https://openalex.org/W4283766928","https://openalex.org/W4283796083","https://openalex.org/W4284893082","https://openalex.org/W4285126476","https://openalex.org/W4286361358","https://openalex.org/W4288057793","https://openalex.org/W4292973401","https://openalex.org/W4293514802","https://openalex.org/W4295916002","https://openalex.org/W4300636344","https://openalex.org/W4306952702","https://openalex.org/W4308823667","https://openalex.org/W4311823578","https://openalex.org/W4312517097","https://openalex.org/W4312875098","https://openalex.org/W4313017734","https://openalex.org/W4313644996","https://openalex.org/W4316497071","https://openalex.org/W4320057404","https://openalex.org/W4320502825","https://openalex.org/W4321483618","https://openalex.org/W4323262599","https://openalex.org/W4323519414","https://openalex.org/W4323666907","https://openalex.org/W4327767815","https://openalex.org/W4362714881","https://openalex.org/W4372266209","https://openalex.org/W4384434944","https://openalex.org/W4384703095","https://openalex.org/W4385187849","https://openalex.org/W4385302040","https://openalex.org/W4385320128","https://openalex.org/W4385325051","https://openalex.org/W4385737398","https://openalex.org/W4386531233","https://openalex.org/W4386742057","https://openalex.org/W4387095478","https://openalex.org/W4387185516","https://openalex.org/W4387331595","https://openalex.org/W4388510242","https://openalex.org/W4388894064","https://openalex.org/W4390204018","https://openalex.org/W4390871830","https://openalex.org/W4393118461","https://openalex.org/W6639246211","https://openalex.org/W6737938460","https://openalex.org/W6759238902","https://openalex.org/W6781318954","https://openalex.org/W6782595193","https://openalex.org/W6785440099","https://openalex.org/W6838539104"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4244478748","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4223488648","https://openalex.org/W2134969820","https://openalex.org/W2251605416","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W4389340727","https://openalex.org/W4205786897"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,125],"goal":[1],"of":[2,17,21,25,82,127],"the":[3,22,31,58,80,87,111,135,152,173,196],"IoT\u2013Edge\u2013Cloud":[4,88,116,174],"Continuum":[5,89,117],"approach":[6],"is":[7,143],"to":[8,30,62,65,109,119,180],"distribute":[9],"computation":[10],"and":[11,68,93,140,145,155,165,168,194,206],"data":[12,32,34,137],"loads":[13],"across":[14],"multiple":[15],"types":[16],"devices":[18],"taking":[19],"advantage":[20],"different":[23],"strengths":[24],"each,":[26],"such":[27,56],"as":[28,57,199,201],"proximity":[29],"source,":[33],"access,":[35],"or":[36],"computing":[37,54],"power,":[38],"while":[39],"mitigating":[40],"potential":[41,170],"weaknesses.":[42],"Most":[43],"current":[44],"machine":[45,83,98,131],"learning":[46,72,84,99,106,132,154,157],"operations":[47,85,100],"are":[48,159],"currently":[49],"concentrated":[50],"on":[51,162,178,209],"remote":[52],"high-performance":[53],"devices,":[55,122],"cloud,":[59],"which":[60],"leads":[61],"challenges":[63],"related":[64,136],"latency,":[66],"privacy,":[67],"other":[69],"inefficiencies.":[70],"Distributed":[71],"approaches":[73],"can":[74],"address":[75],"these":[76,128,184],"issues":[77],"by":[78,90],"enabling":[79],"distribution":[81],"throughout":[86],"incorporating":[91],"Edge":[92],"even":[94],"IoT":[95],"layers":[96,118],"into":[97],"more":[101,114,120],"directly.":[102],"Approaches":[103],"like":[104],"transfer":[105,110,156],"could":[107],"help":[108],"knowledge":[112],"from":[113],"performant":[115],"resource-constrained":[121],"e.g.,":[123],"IoT.":[124],"implementation":[126],"methods":[129,198],"in":[130,172],"operations,":[133],"including":[134,176],"handling":[138],"security":[139],"privacy":[141,166],"approaches,":[142],"challenging":[144],"actively":[146],"being":[147],"researched.":[148],"In":[149],"this":[150],"article":[151],"distributed":[153],"domains":[158],"researched,":[160],"focusing":[161],"security,":[163],"robustness,":[164],"aspects,":[167],"their":[169,202],"usage":[171],"Continuum,":[175],"research":[177],"tools":[179],"use":[181],"for":[182],"implementing":[183],"methods.":[185],"To":[186],"achieve":[187],"this,":[188],"we":[189],"have":[190],"reviewed":[191],"145":[192],"sources":[193],"described":[195],"relevant":[197,203],"well":[200],"attack":[204],"vectors":[205],"provided":[207],"suggestions":[208],"mitigation.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2024-02-02T00:00:00"}
