{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388629661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make5040081","title":"Human Pose Estimation Using Deep Learning: A Systematic Literature Review","display_name":"Human Pose Estimation Using Deep Learning: A Systematic Literature Review","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388629661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make5040081"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make5040081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make5040081","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/5/4/81/pdf?version=1699879967","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/5/4/81/pdf?version=1699879967","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027419591","display_name":"Esraa Samkari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1413-0403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esraa Samkari","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101970885","display_name":"Muhammad Arif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0513-9872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Arif","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0513-9872","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087247859","display_name":"Manal Alghamdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7895-6999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manal Alghamdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008136033","display_name":"Mohammed A. Al Ghamdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5993-5236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed A. Al Ghamdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5993-5236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101970885"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":8.0325,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":74,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98390636,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"4","first_page":"1612","last_page":"1659"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8185610771179199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7608190774917603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7466590404510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6843892335891724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6493508815765381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6197306513786316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pose","display_name":"Pose","score":0.590286374092102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4526611566543579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.4314887523651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.40471169352531433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33672434091567993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0640169084072113}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8185610771179199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7608190774917603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7466590404510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6843892335891724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6493508815765381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6197306513786316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52102323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671968","display_name":"Pose","level":2,"score":0.590286374092102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4526611566543579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.4314887523651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.40471169352531433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33672434091567993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0640169084072113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make5040081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make5040081","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/5/4/81/pdf?version=1699879967","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:089e9db66222464e85edd4c8c671bcfb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/089e9db66222464e85edd4c8c671bcfb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol 5, Iss 4, Pp 1612-1659 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make5040081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make5040081","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/5/4/81/pdf?version=1699879967","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388629661.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":165,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W602397586","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W752852524","https://openalex.org/W1445015017","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1912967058","https://openalex.org/W1948369226","https://openalex.org/W2034014085","https://openalex.org/W2078224158","https://openalex.org/W2080873731","https://openalex.org/W2090110089","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2103015390","https://openalex.org/W2113325037","https://openalex.org/W2119350939","https://openalex.org/W2121969814","https://openalex.org/W2128271252","https://openalex.org/W2135533529","https://openalex.org/W2136391815","https://openalex.org/W2137591992","https://openalex.org/W2139764446","https://openalex.org/W2155394491","https://openalex.org/W2175012183","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2307770531","https://openalex.org/W2330914857","https://openalex.org/W2375583958","https://openalex.org/W2382036597","https://openalex.org/W2520557710","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2554082199","https://openalex.org/W2554777659","https://openalex.org/W2559085405","https://openalex.org/W2563056398","https://openalex.org/W2604346130","https://openalex.org/W2604375920","https://openalex.org/W2615056420","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2620105270","https://openalex.org/W2739360936","https://openalex.org/W2742737904","https://openalex.org/W2755582248","https://openalex.org/W2819476901","https://openalex.org/W2883106642","https://openalex.org/W2889332130","https://openalex.org/W2895457201","https://openalex.org/W2897251884","https://openalex.org/W2913939882","https://openalex.org/W2916798096","https://openalex.org/W2943936117","https://openalex.org/W2948527806","https://openalex.org/W2956532199","https://openalex.org/W2958088908","https://openalex.org/W2959975024","https://openalex.org/W2962820842","https://openalex.org/W2962849564","https://openalex.org/W2962954622","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963197583","https://openalex.org/W2963295423","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963402313","https://openalex.org/W2963474899","https://openalex.org/W2963653603","https://openalex.org/W2963781481","https://openalex.org/W2964062189","https://openalex.org/W2964084369","https://openalex.org/W2964185410","https://openalex.org/W2964221239","https://openalex.org/W2964297864","https://openalex.org/W2964304707","https://openalex.org/W2964341382","https://openalex.org/W2965326519","https://openalex.org/W2969676399","https://openalex.org/W2973127894","https://openalex.org/W2977885506","https://openalex.org/W2981538481","https://openalex.org/W2998654373","https://openalex.org/W3000322757","https://openalex.org/W3005454090","https://openalex.org/W3009124537","https://openalex.org/W3022162718","https://openalex.org/W3025313707","https://openalex.org/W3034399482","https://openalex.org/W3034742259","https://openalex.org/W3034750257","https://openalex.org/W3035435924","https://openalex.org/W3035707711","https://openalex.org/W3036133893","https://openalex.org/W3045228259","https://openalex.org/W3045471054","https://openalex.org/W3045884809","https://openalex.org/W3092129095","https://openalex.org/W3098966984","https://openalex.org/W3101126820","https://openalex.org/W3103089151","https://openalex.org/W3108572544","https://openalex.org/W3135266094","https://openalex.org/W3156925739","https://openalex.org/W3157441214","https://openalex.org/W3164894955","https://openalex.org/W3168351650","https://openalex.org/W3171398643","https://openalex.org/W3173200101","https://openalex.org/W3173248925","https://openalex.org/W3173415456","https://openalex.org/W3173703426","https://openalex.org/W3173964191","https://openalex.org/W3175123126","https://openalex.org/W3182545801","https://openalex.org/W3183152218","https://openalex.org/W3188171292","https://openalex.org/W3193806661","https://openalex.org/W3196048515","https://openalex.org/W3201425641","https://openalex.org/W3202223316","https://openalex.org/W3203566387","https://openalex.org/W3203572876","https://openalex.org/W3205412492","https://openalex.org/W3209856089","https://openalex.org/W4205754345","https://openalex.org/W4206556668","https://openalex.org/W4213179364","https://openalex.org/W4214545909","https://openalex.org/W4221025196","https://openalex.org/W4226095747","https://openalex.org/W4229618383","https://openalex.org/W4229890965","https://openalex.org/W4280577057","https://openalex.org/W4283817055","https://openalex.org/W4285103312","https://openalex.org/W4285735946","https://openalex.org/W4286208768","https://openalex.org/W4288335118","https://openalex.org/W4290715204","https://openalex.org/W4291926315","https://openalex.org/W4297095248","https://openalex.org/W4307540201","https://openalex.org/W4308933760","https://openalex.org/W4309048580","https://openalex.org/W4309119164","https://openalex.org/W4309774502","https://openalex.org/W4312299880","https://openalex.org/W4312762601","https://openalex.org/W4313145071","https://openalex.org/W4322630961","https://openalex.org/W4379985979","https://openalex.org/W4380635156","https://openalex.org/W4385474538","https://openalex.org/W4386076518","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6680285999","https://openalex.org/W6682891246","https://openalex.org/W6707250398","https://openalex.org/W6744421100","https://openalex.org/W6763478003","https://openalex.org/W6768970301","https://openalex.org/W6781254073","https://openalex.org/W6787768197","https://openalex.org/W6793810212","https://openalex.org/W6800679024","https://openalex.org/W6841885046","https://openalex.org/W6853661174"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4225394202","https://openalex.org/W4298287631","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W2950785639","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3008584592","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"Pose":[1],"Estimation":[2],"(HPE)":[3],"is":[4,22,54],"the":[5,11,43,116,147,158,165,178],"task":[6,21],"that":[7,136],"aims":[8],"to":[9,41,72,170],"predict":[10],"location":[12],"of":[13,45,101],"human":[14],"joints":[15],"from":[16],"images":[17],"and":[18,31,61,97,108,125,141,154],"videos.":[19],"This":[20,66],"used":[23,122,149],"in":[24,123,150,184],"many":[25,56],"applications,":[26],"such":[27],"as":[28],"sports":[29],"analysis":[30,134],"surveillance":[32],"systems.":[33],"Recently,":[34],"several":[35,92],"studies":[36],"have":[37],"embraced":[38],"deep":[39,87],"learning":[40,88],"enhance":[42],"performance":[44],"HPE":[46,52,75,85,110],"tasks.":[47],"However,":[48],"building":[49],"an":[50],"efficient":[51],"model":[53],"difficult;":[55],"challenges,":[57],"like":[58],"crowded":[59],"scenes":[60,156],"occlusion,":[62],"must":[63],"be":[64],"handled.":[65],"paper":[67,166,176],"followed":[68],"a":[69],"systematic":[70],"procedure":[71],"review":[73],"different":[74,119],"models":[76,129],"comprehensively.":[77],"About":[78],"100":[79],"articles":[80],"published":[81],"since":[82],"2014":[83],"on":[84],"using":[86,91],"were":[89,103,112,130],"selected":[90],"selection":[93],"criteria.":[94],"Both":[95],"image":[96],"video":[98],"data":[99],"types":[100],"methods":[102,111],"investigated.":[104],"Furthermore,":[105],"both":[106],"single":[107],"multiple":[109],"reviewed.":[113],"In":[114],"addition,":[115],"available":[117],"datasets,":[118],"loss":[120],"functions":[121],"HPE,":[124],"pretrained":[126],"feature":[127],"extraction":[128],"all":[131],"covered.":[132],"Our":[133],"revealed":[135],"Convolutional":[137],"Neural":[138,143],"Networks":[139,144],"(CNNs)":[140],"Recurrent":[142],"(RNNs)":[145],"are":[146],"most":[148],"HPE.":[151],"Moreover,":[152],"occlusion":[153],"crowd":[155],"remain":[157],"main":[159],"problems":[160],"affecting":[161],"models\u2019":[162],"performance.":[163],"Therefore,":[164],"presented":[167],"various":[168],"solutions":[169],"address":[171],"these":[172],"issues.":[173],"Finally,":[174],"this":[175,185],"highlighted":[177],"potential":[179],"opportunities":[180],"for":[181],"future":[182],"work":[183],"task.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24}],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T08:55:40.977307","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
