{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4383911975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make5030040","title":"The Value of Numbers in Clinical Text Classification","display_name":"The Value of Numbers in Clinical Text Classification","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4383911975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make5030040"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make5030040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make5030040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/5/3/40/pdf?version=1688725483","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/5/3/40/pdf?version=1688725483","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015799203","display_name":"Kristian Miok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1748-8546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3121153395","display_name":"West University of Timi\u015foara","ror":"https://ror.org/0583a0t97","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3121153395"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristian Miok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Environmental Research Institute, West University of Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania","Advanced Environmental Research Institute, West University of Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1748-8546","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Environmental Research Institute, West University of Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121153395"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Environmental Research Institute, West University of Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121153395"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028979534","display_name":"Padraig Corcoran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9731-3385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Padraig Corcoran","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science & Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 4AG, UK","School of Computer Science & Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 4AG, UK;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9731-3385","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science & Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 4AG, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science & Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 4AG, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016345745","display_name":"\u202aIrena Spasi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8132-3885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Irena Spasi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science & Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 4AG, UK","School of Computer Science & Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 4AG, UK;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8132-3885","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science & Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 4AG, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science & Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 4AG, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016345745"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.2907,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62835199,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"746","last_page":"762"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7231422662734985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.6393572688102722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6012046933174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5970229506492615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.4994642734527588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4698905944824219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.4664230942726135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/document-classification","display_name":"Document classification","score":0.4638282060623169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43406087160110474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-embedding","display_name":"Word embedding","score":0.43176037073135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.42621874809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3580003082752228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13638409972190857}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7231422662734985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6393572688102722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6012046933174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5970229506492615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.4994642734527588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4698905944824219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4664230942726135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780479914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302088","display_name":"Document classification","level":2,"score":0.4638282060623169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43406087160110474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777462759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18395344","display_name":"Word embedding","level":3,"score":0.43176037073135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42621874809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3580003082752228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13638409972190857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make5030040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make5030040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/5/3/40/pdf?version=1688725483","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:160867","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/160867/1/make-05-00040.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:877c548c71984a9d86e12d46ec6c0cf5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/877c548c71984a9d86e12d46ec6c0cf5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol 5, Iss 3, Pp 746-762 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2504-4990/5/3/40/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/make5030040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction; Volume 5; Issue 3; Pages: 746-762","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make5030040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make5030040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/5/3/40/pdf?version=1688725483","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.75,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4383911975.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493949745","https://openalex.org/W1662133657","https://openalex.org/W2014545475","https://openalex.org/W2084840351","https://openalex.org/W2113142309","https://openalex.org/W2114039834","https://openalex.org/W2131660156","https://openalex.org/W2132724073","https://openalex.org/W2144211451","https://openalex.org/W2145270227","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2159583324","https://openalex.org/W2165612380","https://openalex.org/W2338784100","https://openalex.org/W2404369708","https://openalex.org/W2502810966","https://openalex.org/W2804713279","https://openalex.org/W2805441382","https://openalex.org/W2882319491","https://openalex.org/W2889764698","https://openalex.org/W2950744025","https://openalex.org/W2951365061","https://openalex.org/W2962817854","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W2974604908","https://openalex.org/W2979284462","https://openalex.org/W2986266667","https://openalex.org/W3005044491","https://openalex.org/W3011411500","https://openalex.org/W3013605954","https://openalex.org/W3035428952","https://openalex.org/W3092643853","https://openalex.org/W3101673779","https://openalex.org/W3102199783","https://openalex.org/W3105643199","https://openalex.org/W3119241782","https://openalex.org/W3166890286","https://openalex.org/W4213009331","https://openalex.org/W4293581639","https://openalex.org/W4298324482","https://openalex.org/W4365511667","https://openalex.org/W4386566455","https://openalex.org/W6672687104","https://openalex.org/W6713634263","https://openalex.org/W6764269546","https://openalex.org/W6801007371"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4288407670","https://openalex.org/W2950396480","https://openalex.org/W947140380","https://openalex.org/W2911655849","https://openalex.org/W4286432911","https://openalex.org/W4230884544","https://openalex.org/W4245453790","https://openalex.org/W3194985222","https://openalex.org/W3216571906","https://openalex.org/W4214830338"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Clinical":[0],"text":[1,13,39,94,140],"often":[2],"includes":[3],"numbers":[4,30,84,153,179],"of":[5,20,38,48,62,134],"various":[6],"types":[7],"and":[8,73,113,117,124],"formats.":[9],"However,":[10],"most":[11],"current":[12],"classification":[14,40,95,119,141],"approaches":[15],"do":[16,150],"not":[17,151],"take":[18],"advantage":[19],"these":[21],"numbers.":[22],"This":[23,42],"study":[24,43],"aims":[25],"to":[26,59,82,187],"demonstrate":[27],"that":[28,130,145,157,170],"using":[29],"as":[31,85,165],"features":[32,51,86,136],"can":[33,137,161,174],"significantly":[34,138],"improve":[35,139],"the":[36,46,193],"performance":[37],"models.":[41],"also":[44],"demonstrates":[45],"feasibility":[47],"extracting":[49],"such":[50,99],"from":[52],"clinical":[53,66],"text.":[54,67],"Unsupervised":[55],"learning":[56,159],"was":[57,80],"used":[58,81,147],"identify":[60],"patterns":[61,69],"number":[63,190],"usage":[64],"in":[65,154,177],"These":[68],"were":[70,103],"analyzed":[71],"manually":[72],"converted":[74],"into":[75,87,180,192],"pattern-matching":[76],"rules.":[77],"Information":[78],"extraction":[79,173],"incorporate":[83,189],"a":[88,132,155],"document":[89,107,148],"representation":[90,108,191],"model.":[91],"We":[92,143],"evaluated":[93],"models":[96,109,120],"trained":[97],"on":[98],"representation.":[100],"Our":[101],"experiments":[102],"performed":[104],"with":[105],"two":[106,118],"(vector":[110],"space":[111],"model":[112],"word":[114,194],"embedding":[115,195],"model)":[116],"(support":[121],"vector":[122],"machines":[123],"neural":[125],"networks).":[126],"The":[127],"results":[128],"showed":[129],"even":[131],"handful":[133],"numerical":[135],"performance.":[142],"conclude":[144],"commonly":[146],"representations":[149],"represent":[152],"way":[156],"machine":[158],"algorithms":[160],"effectively":[162],"utilize":[163],"them":[164],"features.":[166],"Although":[167],"we":[168],"demonstrated":[169],"traditional":[171],"information":[172],"be":[175],"effective":[176],"converting":[178],"features,":[181],"further":[182],"community-wide":[183],"research":[184],"is":[185],"required":[186],"systematically":[188],"process.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2023-07-12T00:00:00"}
